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PSA DRUGS > BLOOD RESULTS > Flashcards

BLOOD RESULTS Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of neutrophilia

A

Neutrophilia = HIGH neutrophils

  • bacterial infection
  • malignancy, inflammation, tissue damage
  • steroids
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2
Q

Causes of neutropenia

A

Neutropenia = LOW neutrophils

  • viral infection (lymphocyte mediated)
  • chemotherapy/RT
  • clozapine
  • carbimazole
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3
Q

Which drugs cause neutropenia (low WCC)?

A
  • chemotherapeutic drugs
  • clozapine
  • carbimazole
  • methotrexate
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4
Q

Causes of lymphocytosis

A

Lymphocytosis = HIGH lymphocytes

  • viral infection
  • lymphoma
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5
Q

Causes of low platelets

A

Increased destruction = drugs, DIC, ITP, TTP, heparin, hypersplenism

Decreased production = drugs, myelodysplasia, BM failure

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6
Q

Causes of high platelets

A

Plts = acute phase reactant

  • bleeding, infection, inflammation
  • myeloproliferative disorders (all blood cells ++)
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7
Q

Types and causes of anaemia (MCV)

A

Microcytic - iron def, thalassaemia
Normocytic - blood loss, chronic disease
Macrocytic - B12/folate def, alcohol

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8
Q

Causes of high Na+

A

Drips (too much IV fluids)
Dehydration
Diabetes insipidus (pure water loss)
Drugs

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9
Q

Which drugs cause hyperNatraemia?

A

Lithium
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Sulfonylureas

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10
Q

What causes hypoNatraemia?

A
  • XS water loss - dehydration, D+V, diuretics, adrenal insufficiency
  • Inadequate intake
  • Too much water in the body - XS water intake, SIADH
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11
Q

SIADH and Na+

A

++ ADH = more water retained = dilutional hypoNa+

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12
Q

Euvolaemic causes of hypoNa

A

Polydipisia

SIADH

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13
Q

Hypervolaemic causes of hypoNa - how does it occur?

A

CCF, hypoalbuminaemia/liver disease, nephrotic syndrome

Reduced circulating volume, so ADH released and dilutional hyponatraemia

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14
Q

Hypovolaemic causes of hypoNa

A

D+V, burns, sweating adrenal insufficiency, diuretics

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15
Q

Causes of hyperkalaemia

A 
Drugs - ACEis + K+ sparing diuretics 
Renal failure
Endocrine (addisons/adrenal insufficiency)
Artefact e.g. clotted blood sample
DKA
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16
Q

Causes of hypokalaemia

A

Drugs - loop diuretics + thiazide diuretics
Inadequate intake/intestinal loss
Renal tubular acidosis
Endocrine (cushings + conns)

17
Q

When may urea levels be raised?

A 
AKI 
GI bleed (breakdown product of Hb)

To distinguish between them, check Hb level (low in bleeds)

18
Q

What may cause a raised ALP?

A 
Fracture 
Liver/cholestatic disease
Cancer
Pregnancy 
Osteomalacia
19
Q

LFTs and liver damage

A

Prehepatic - raised bilirubin
Intrahepatic - raised bilirubin + raised AST/ALT
Posthepatic - raised bilirubin + raised ALP

PSA DRUGS (12 decks)

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