Blood Products (Borrowed from Brainscape)

Question 1

<p>What is a blood type and screen?</p>

Answer 1

<p>Blood typing is determining the blood type and Rh factor of a sample of blood<br></br> A screen is looking for the most commonly found unexpected antibodies<br></br><br></br>The results of this test are good for 72 hours.</p>

Question 2

<p>Why would a patient need a blood transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBCs)?</p>

Answer 2

<p>Packed red blood cells (PRBCs) are for active bleeding or the client has a very low hemoglobin and hematocrit level.</p>

Question 3

<p>Why would a patient get a blood transfusion of platelets?</p>

Answer 3

<p>Platelets are to treat thrombocytopenia or platelet disorders.</p>

Question 4

<p>Why would a patient get an infusion of fresh-frozen plasma?</p>

Answer 4

<p>An infusion of fresh frozen plasma is to replace <u>clotting factors</u> ("not" platelets) due to a clotting factor disorder. (To a lesser extent, it is sometimes given to expland fluid volume.)</p>

Question 5

<p>What are the 4 blood types?</p>

Answer 5

<p>The 4 blood types are:<br></br><br></br> Type A<br></br> Type B<br></br> Type AB<br></br> Type O</p>

Question 6

<p>Complete the sentence:<br></br><br></br>Type O is the universal \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.</p>

Answer 6

<p>Type O is the universal donor (remember the O in dOnor).<br></br><br></br>Anyone can receive type O blood.</p>

Question 7

<p>Complete the sentence:<br></br><br></br>Type AB is the universal \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.</p>

Answer 7

<p>Type AB is the universal recipient.<br></br><br></br>This client can receive blood from any blood type.</p>

Question 8

<p>Type A can get blood from which other blood types?</p>

Answer 8

<p>Type A can get type A or O.</p>

Question 9

<p>Type B can get blood from which other blood types?</p>

Answer 9

<p>Type B can get type B or O.</p>

Question 10

<p>Type AB can get blood from which other blood types?</p>

Answer 10

<p>Type AB can get A, B, AB or O.</p>

Question 11

<p>Type O can get blood from which other blood type?</p>

Answer 11

<p>Type O can only get type O.</p>

Question 12

<p>What is Rh, Rh positive and Rh negative?</p>

Answer 12

<p>Rh is a protein on red blood cells:<br></br><br></br> if you have it, you're Rh positive<br></br> if you don't have it, you're Rh negative</p>

Question 13

<p>Immediate Complication<br></br><br></br>Can an Rh negative client receive Rh positive blood?</p>

Answer 13

<p>No. The patient can die.<br></br><br></br>Rh positive blood will make antibodies against the Rh negative patient and destroy the red blood cells.</p>

Question 14

<p>Can a Rh positive client receive Rh negative blood?</p>

Answer 14

<p>Yes</p>

Question 15

<p>What type of IV fluids is compatible with blood?</p>

Answer 15

<p>Normal saline, 0.9% - that's it, nothing else.</p>

Question 16

<p>What gauge needle is given with blood?</p>

Answer 16

<p>Blood administration needs a larger gauge lumen such as 18 or 19.<br></br><br></br>This is to prevent the red blood cells from breaking as they go through the IV catheter.</p>

Question 17

<p>Why is there Y tubing and a filter for blood tubing?</p>

Answer 17

<p>The Y tube is too mix the blood with normal saline</p>

<p>The filter is too filter out blood clots, clumps of platelets and white blood cells</p>

Question 18

<p>Over how long should 1 unit of bloodbe given?</p>

Answer 18

<p>Give 1 unit of blood within 4 hours.</p>

Question 19

<p>How often arevital signs taken when blood is being administered?</p>

Answer 19

<p>Vital signs are taken:</p>

<ul> <li>right before the blood isstarted</li> <li>15 minutes after it's started (unless the patient shows symptoms - get vital signs earlier)</li> <li>at least every 30 minutes to 1 hour until it's finished</li> <li>a final set of vital signs after the infusion is completed</li></ul>

Question 20

<p>How long should the nurse stay with the patient once the blood transfusion is started?</p>

Answer 20

<p>Stay with the client for the first 15-30 minutes to monitor for transfusion reactions.</p>

Question 21

<p>Who verifies the patient and blood product right before the blood is started?</p>

Answer 21

<p>2 Registered Nurses will verify the blood product. They will confirm:</p>

<ul> <li>correct patient</li> <li>blood type and Rh factor of the patient</li> <li>correct blood product and blood type</li></ul>

Question 22

<p>Immediate Complication</p>

<p>What is a hemolyticblood transfusion reaction?</p>

Answer 22

<p>A hemolytic reaction is whenthere is an incompatibility with the blood product that causes the red blood cells to get destroyed.</p>

Question 23

<p>Immediate Complication</p>

<p>What is an allergic blood transfusion reaction?</p>

Answer 23

<p>An allergicreaction is whenthere is an incompatibility with the blood product that causes an allergic response such as mild itching to severe anaphylaxis.</p>

Question 24

<p>Immediate Complication</p>

<p>What is a febrile/bacterial/septic blood transfusion reaction?</p>

Answer 24

<p>A febrile/bacterial/septicreaction is whenthere isbacteriain the blood that causes a systemic infection.</p>

Question 25

<p>Immediate Complication</p>

<p>How is septicemia treated when acquired from a blood transfusion?</p>

Answer 25

<p>Treatment for septicemia from a blood transfusion:</p>

<ul> <li>get blood cultures of the blood and blood bag</li> <li>give O2</li> <li>IV fluids</li> <li>antibiotics</li> <li>vasopressors: to increase the blood pressure from septic shock</li> <li>steroids: to decrease inflammation</li></ul>

Question 26

<p>What are thesigns and symptoms of a mild blood transfusion reaction?</p>

Answer 26

<p>Signs and symptoms of a mild blood transfusion reaction:</p>

<ul> <li>fever</li> <li>chills</li> <li>urticaria (hives)</li> <li>itching (pruritis)</li></ul>

Question 27

<p>Whatmedications are commonly given before a blood transfusion starts for a client that has had a mild allergicreaction in the past?</p>

Answer 27

<p>For mild blood transfusion reactions give:</p>

<ul> <li>acetaminophen for fever</li> <li>diphenhydramine for itching</li></ul>

<p>Give meds 30 minutes before starting blood transfusion.</p>

Question 28

<p>Immediate Complication</p>

<p>What are life-threatening signs and symptomsof a blood transfusion reaction?</p>

Answer 28

<p>Signs and symptoms of a serious blood transfusion reaction:</p>

<ul> <li>respiratory distress, dyspnea, dizziness, shortness of breath</li> <li>chills, diaphoresis</li> <li>back or chest pain</li></ul>

<p>Antibodies are attacking the red blood cells causing decreased oxygen.</p>

Question 29

<p>Immediate Complication</p>

<p>What are the steps if there's a reaction to a blood transfusion?</p>

Answer 29

<p>Steps to a blood transfusion reaction:</p>

<ul> <li>FIRST: stop the blood transfusion</li> <li>change out the tubing, but keep the IV line in</li> <li>start a new bag of normal saline, 0.9%</li> <li>tell the HCP and blood bank</li> <li>return the blood and tubing to the blood bank</li> <li>stay with the patient</li> <li>may have to give epinephrine for severe symptoms such asdifficulty breathing</li></ul>

Question 30

<p>What causescirculatory overload from a blood transfusion? (Transfusion Associated Circulatory Overload)</p>

Answer 30

<p>Circulatory overload can be caused by:</p>

<ul> <li>the blood is being administered too quickly</li> <li>the patient has renal, heart or liver failure and cannot tolerate the extra fluids</li> <li>especially older patients</li></ul>

Question 31

<p>How is circulatory overload prevented when giving a blood transfusion?</p>

Answer 31

<p>Prevent circulatory overload:</p>

<ul> <li>give the blood product at aslower rate</li> <li>assess for signs of fluid volume overload</li> <li>administer ordered diuretic prior to hanging</li></ul>

Question 32

<p>How can a blood transfusion cause hypocalcemia?</p>

Answer 32

<p>Hypocalcemia is caused by a preservative in the blood binding with calcium and being excreted.</p>

Question 33

<p>How can a blood transfusion cause hyperkalemia?</p>

Answer 33

<p>Hyperkalemia is caused by oldblood causingpotassium to be released from cells.</p>