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blood Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Total body water (TBW)

A

60% of the body weight, in adult male.
In infants → 75%
n adult female & obese → less than 60% (high fat content).

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2
Q

Distribution of water in the body Compartments

A

intracellular fluid (lCF) : 40%
extracellular fluid : 60 %

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3
Q

Distribution of water in the Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

Intravascular fluid (IVF) :5% in vessels → plasma
Interstitial fluid (ISF): 15% outside the vessels
→ between cells

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4
Q

what is the main cation and anion in the Intracellular fluid (lCF)

A

Main cations: Potassium (K)
Main anions: Protein; Phosphate (PO4)

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5
Q

what is the main cation and anion in the Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

Main cations : Sodium (Na); Calcium (Ca)
Main anions: Chloride (Cl); Bicarbonate (HCO3)

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6
Q

Indicator for TBW (Total Body Water)

A

Indicator Used: Heavy water (D₂O)
Distribution: In all compartments (Intracellular + Extracellular)

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7
Q

Indicator for ECF (Extracellular Fluid)

A

Indicator Used: Inulin
Distribution: In extracellular water only

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8
Q

Indicator for Plasma Volume

A

Indicator Used: Evan’s blue dye
Distribution: Plasma only

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9
Q

ICF (Intracellular Fluid) Volume Calculation

A

ICF = TBW - ECF
Direct Measurement: Not possible

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10
Q

ISF (Interstitial Fluid) Volume Calculation

A

ISF = ECF - Plasma volume
Direct Measurement: Not possible

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11
Q

Importance of homeostasis:

A

Homeostasis is Essential for life.
Failure of homeostasis → diseases and death
Cells are capable of living within a narrow change in O2, CO2, glucose,
temperature, pH, arterial blood pressure ……..

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12
Q

Homeostasis is maintained by ??

A

Components of control system:
1- Stimulus 2- Receptor
3- Control center 4- Effector organ(s).
5- Feedback mechanism

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13
Q

What is the total blood volume in a 70 Kg man?

A

Total Blood Volume: 5600 ml

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14
Q

What are the main functions of blood?

A

Transport Function
Defensive Function
Hemostatic Function
Homeostatic Function

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15
Q

What is plasma?

A

Plasma is a yellow, clear fluid.

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16
Q

What is the normal plasma volume?

A

3000 - 3500 ml ( 55% of total blood volume)

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17
Q

what is The composition of the Blood???

A

a. Plasma: 55% of total blood volume.
b. Cellular elements: 45% of total blood
[RBC’s, WBC’s & platelets].

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18
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

Serum = Plasma minus clotting elements.

When blood is left in a glass tube, a clot forms, and the remaining fluid is serum.

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19
Q

What are the constituents of plasma?

A

Water: 90% of plasma volume.

Inorganic substances:
Chief cation: Sodium (Na⁺)
Chief anions: Chloride (Cl⁻) and Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)

Organic substances:
Plasma proteins
Lipids (carried as lipoproteins)
Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, uric acid, urea

Gases: Soluble O₂ and CO₂

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20
Q

What are the chief cation and anions in plasma?

A

Chief Cation: Sodium (Na⁺)
Chief Anions: Chloride (Cl⁻) and Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)

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21
Q

What are the plasma proteins and their concentration?

A

Plasma Proteins: 7.2 - 7.4 g/dl

Types:
Albumin
Globulins (α₁, α₂, β₁, β₂, ɤ)
Fibrinogen
Other coagulation factors

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22
Q

What are plasma lipids carried as?

A

Plasma lipids are carried in blood as lipoproteins.

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23
Q

Where are most plasma proteins synthesized?

A

Liver

is the main site for:
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Prothrombin
50% of globulins

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24
Q

Where are gamma globulins formed?

A

Gamma globulins are formed in the plasma cells of lymphoid tissue.

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25
Q

What is the Albumin-Globulin Ratio (A/G Ratio)?

A

It is the ratio between albumin and globulin concentration in plasma.
Normal Value: 1.2 – 1.6

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26
Q

When does the A/G ratio decrease?

A

1)Liver diseases: ↓ Albumin synthesis (e.g., liver cirrhosis, hepatitis)
2)Renal diseases: ↑ Albumin loss in urine (small size)
3)Infections: ↑ Immunoglobulin formation

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27
Q

What is the osmotic pressure of plasma?

A

Total osmotic pressure = 5000 mmHg (290 mmol/L)
Most pressure is due to crystalloids (Na⁺, Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻).

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28
Q

What is the contribution of plasma proteins to osmotic pressure?

A

Plasma proteins (mainly albumin) contribute 25-28 mmHg.

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29
Q

What is the main plasma protein responsible for osmotic pressure?

A

Albumin due to its greatest concentration.

30
Q

List the main functions of plasma proteins.

A

Osmotic Function: Maintains osmotic balance and fluid retention.

Transport Function: Binds and carries substances (e.g., hormones, drugs).

Defensive Function: Involves immunoglobulins (antibodies).

Hemostatic Function: Fibrinogen and clotting factors help in blood clotting.

31
Q

What is the buffer function of plasma proteins?

A

Plasma proteins are responsible for 15% of blood buffering power.
At normal plasma pH (7.4), they are negatively charged (alkaline).

32
Q

What is the defensive function of plasma proteins?

A

Gamma globulins → antibodies → humoral immunity

33
Q

Which plasma proteins are involved in blood clotting?

A

Fibrinogen and prothrombin are essential for blood coagulation.

34
Q

What causes blood viscosity?

A

RBCs and plasma proteins contribute to blood viscosity.
#Fibrinogen contributes most due to its elongated shape.#

35
Q

How does blood viscosity affect arterial blood pressure?

A

Viscosity helps maintain normal arterial blood pressure.

36
Q

How do plasma proteins limit capillary permeability?

A

Plasma proteins close pores in capillary walls, limiting permeability.

37
Q

How do plasma proteins help in transport and conservation of important elements?

A

Albumin, α and β globulins act as carriers for hormones, vitamins, etc.
Binding to plasma proteins:
Prevents rapid loss in urine.
Provides a reservoir for later use.

38
Q

Which plasma protein contributes most to blood viscosity? Why?

A

Fibrinogen due to its elongated shape.

39
Q

The main functions of Plasma Proteins?

A
  1. Osmotic Function:
  2. Buffer function:
  3. Defensive function
  4. Blood clotting:
  5. Blood viscosity:
  6. Capillary function:
  7. Transport and conservation of
    important elements:
  8. Use of plasma proteins as a source of amino acids:
40
Q

Why are RBCs called corpuscles and not true cells?

A

RBCs lack nuclei; hence, they are not true cells.

41
Q

What is the normal RBC count?

A

Males: 5.4 million/mm³
Females: 4.8 million/mm³

42
Q

When does RBC count increase?

A

Newly born infants
People living at high altitudes
Athletes

43
Q

When does RBC count decrease?

A

Growing children
Old age

44
Q

What are the shape and size characteristics of RBCs?

A

Shape: Circular, biconcave, non-nucleated discs
Size: 7.2 microns diameter
Lack mitochondria and ribosomes

45
Q

What are the advantages of the biconcave shape of RBCs?

A

1)Larger surface area for gas exchange.
2)Enhanced flexibility to squeeze through capillaries.
3)Minimal tension on the membrane when RBC volume increases.

46
Q

What is the hemoglobin content of RBCs?

A

Hemoglobin makes up 34% of RBC weight.

47
Q

What are the types of hemoglobin?

A

Adult Hemoglobin (HbA):

2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide chains.
#Fetal Hemoglobin (HbF):
2 alpha and 2 gamma (ɣ) chains.
HbF has a higher O₂ affinity → extracts O₂ from maternal blood.

48
Q

What is the hemoglobin content in different groups?

A

1)Adult Males: 15-16 g/dL
2)Adult Females: 13-14 g/dL
3)Newborns: 19 g/dL (due to intrauterine O₂ hypoxia).

49
Q

What is Hematocrit (PCV)?

A

Hematocrit = Percentage ratio of RBC volume to total blood volume.
Normal values:
#Males: 46%
#Females: 42%

50
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin (Hb) unites loosely with oxygen (O₂) to form oxyhemoglobin.

#O₂ attaches to Fe²⁺ (ferrous) → oxygenation not oxidation.

51
Q

What is carbaminohemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin combines with carbon dioxide (CO₂) to form carbaminohemoglobin.

52
Q

What is carboxyhemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin reacts with carbon monoxide (CO) to form carboxyhemoglobin.

53
Q

What is methemoglobin? Why is it harmful?

A

Strong oxidizing agents convert Fe²⁺ in Hb to Fe³⁺ (ferric) → forms methemoglobin.
Methemoglobin can’t carry O₂

54
Q

How is methemoglobin normally reduced?

A

by NADH-met-Hb reductase.

55
Q

What are the functions of hemoglobin in RBCs?

A

1)O₂ and CO₂ transport
2)Buffering function: 6 times greater than plasma proteins

56
Q

What is the function of the RBC membrane?

A

The RBC membrane keeps hemoglobin inside the cell.

57
Q

What are the hazards of free hemoglobin in plasma?

A

Blocks renal tubules.
Increases blood viscosity → increases heart workload.
Increases osmotic pressure → increases heart workload.

58
Q

What is the life span of RBCs? What happens after it ends?

A

Life span: ~120 days.
RBCs become fragile and rupture in the spleen.
Released hemoglobin is picked up by macrophages → broken into globin and heme.

59
Q

Where do RBCs rupture at the end of their lifespan?

A

RBCs rupture in the spleen (due to fragility).

60
Q

What happens to hemoglobin when RBCs rupture?

A

Released hemoglobin is picked up by macrophages and broken into:
Globin
Heme

61
Q

What happens to the heme component of hemoglobin?

A

Heme is broken into:
Iron → reused in the formation of new RBCs.
Protoporphyrin → converted into bilirubin.

62
Q

What happens to bilirubin after it is formed?

A

Bilirubin is secreted by the liver in the bile.

63
Q

What is the role of iron released from heme?

A

Iron is reused for the formation of new RBCs.

64
Q

What is the fate of protoporphyrin from the heme breakdown?

A

Protoporphyrin is converted to bilirubin → secreted in bile by the liver.

65
Q

What percentage of platelets does the spleen store?

A

The spleen stores about 30% of the body’s platelets.

66
Q

What happens after splenectomy?

A

Increased RBC count
Increased platelet count

67
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur during fetal life?

A

In the liver and spleen.

68
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur in children?

A

In the active red marrow of all bones.

69
Q

What happens to erythropoiesis in long bones by age 20?

A

The marrow in long bones becomes inactive, except in the upper humerus and femur.

70
Q
A

Medicine (7 decks)

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