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Human Health and Physiology GCSE > Blood and the Circulatory System > Flashcards

Blood and the Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What three types of cell are suspended in blood plasma?

A

White blood cells, red blood cells and platelets.

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2
Q

What is the function of the red blood cells?

A

To carry oxygen to the body cells.

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3
Q

What is the function of the white blood cells?

A

Protect the body against disease.

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4
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

They are needed for blood clotting.

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5
Q

What are the effects of anaemia?

A

Shortness of breath, dizziness, headache, coldness in your hands and feet, pale skin, chest pain, weakness, and fatigue

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6
Q

How does the blood clot?

A

When a blood vessel is damages, platelets release enzymes. The final reaction is when soluble fibrinogen, is changed by an enzyme into insoluble fibrin. The network of fibres produced traps red blood cells and forms the clot.

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7
Q

What are the four main types of human blood?

A

O, A, B, AB

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8
Q

Which blood type is a universal donor?

A

O

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9
Q

Which blood type is a universal recipient?

A

AB

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10
Q

What type of patients can be treated with plasma?

A

Burns victims who are dehydrated.

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11
Q

What needs to be delivered to cells?

A

Oxygen and nutrients.

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12
Q

What needs to be removed from cells?

A

Carbon dioxide and urea.

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13
Q

What is meant by double-circulation?

A

There is two routes for the blood, one route the blood goes to the lungs, in the other the blood goes to the rest of the body.

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14
Q

Describe a vein.

A

Veins have thin, and less elastic walls. Veins contain valves to prevent backflow. They have a large lumen.

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15
Q

Describe an artery.

A

Arteries have thick, elastic walls. They have a small lumen.

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16
Q

Describe a capillary.

A

Capillaries walls are a single cell thick. They have a very small lumen.

17
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

The left and right ventricles, and the left and right atria.

18
Q

Where does the atria pump blood to?

A

The ventricles.

19
Q

What happens when the ventricles contract?

A

Blood is forced out of the heart.

20
Q

Why does blood pressure change?

A

Blood is at its highest pressure when forced out of the ventricles, but as the blood branches into smaller arterioles, it slows down so the pressure decreases. Blood flows slowly through capillaries allowing time for exchange.

21
Q

Why does the blood composition change throughout the body?

A

The carbon dioxide concentration and heat will increase when close to an active muscle. Urea concentration will increase as blood passes through the liver. When glucose levels are high, the hormone insulin will enter the blood.

22
Q

What can cause heart attacks and strokes?

A

Blood clots.

23
Q

Why is physiotherapy beneficial following a heart attack or stroke?

A

Because it helps to return a healthy circulation.

24
Q

What fatty deposit may be responsible for an atheroma?

A

Cholesterol.

25
Q

Why do atheromas increase the likelihood of heart attacks or strokes?

A

They narrow the internal space of an artery.

26
Q

What controls the natural resting heart rate?

A

The pacemaker.

27
Q

Where is the pacemaker located?

A

In the right atrium.

28
Q

Which electrical device can stimulate the heart to beat faster or more regularly?

A

An artificial pacemaker.

29
Q

What did Christiaan Barnard do?

A

He conducted the first heart transplant.

30
Q

What did Sir Magdi Yacoub do?

A

He has performed many heart transplants, he is the leading heart transplant surgeon.

31
Q

What does a heart-lung machine do?

A

It maintains blood circulation and oxygenation during a transplant.

32
Q

What may someone do instead of get a transplant?

A

Have a mechanical heart transplant.

33
Q

What problems must you overcome when having a transplant?

A

Tissue typing, and immunosuppressants to prevent rejection.

Human Health and Physiology GCSE (12 decks)

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