Blood And Organs Flashcards
What are the four main components of blood
Plasma, platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells
What is the role of plasma
Transports everything through the blood e.g. red blood cells, white blood cells, and carbon dioxide
What is the role of platelets
Cause blood clotting to reduce blood loss and microbes from entering the wound. They are held together by proteins called fibrin
What is the role of red blood cells
Transport oxygen
They are small and have a biconcave shape to increase surface area for absorbing and releasing oxygen
Haemoglobin reacts with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin
They don’t have a nucleus to increase area for oxygen carrying
What is the role of phagocytes
Detect foreign beings in the body e.g. pathogens.
And then engulf and digest the pathogens.
They are non-specific, so they attack anything that is not supposed to be there
What is the role of lymphocytes
When they come across foreign antigens, they produced proteins called antibodies which mark them for destruction by other white blood cells
These antibodies are specific to the antigens they attach to
Antibodies are produced rapidly and respond to any similar antigens
Memory cells are also produced to a foreign antigen, this means that antibodies reproduce very fast if the same antigen enters the body again
How do vaccinations protect future infections
Inactive pathogens are injected into the body, these carry antigens that bring about an immune response from the body.
Antibodies are produced to attack them.
Memory cells are also produced and will remain in the blood and if the same antigen appears again, antibodies will be produced more rapidly to kill them
How do vaccinations protect future infections
Inactive pathogens are injected into the body, these carry antigens that bring about an immune response from the body.
Antibodies are produced to attack them.
Memory cells are also produced and will remain in the blood and if the same antigen appears again, antibodies will be produced more rapidly to kill them
Describe the structure of arteries
Strong and elastic to withstand high blood pressure
Thick wall containing thick layer of muscle to increase strength
Describe the structure of capillaries
Permeable walls for easy diffusion of substances
One cell thick wall to decrease diffusion distance, therefore increasing rate of diffusion supply food and oxygen and remove waste products such as carbon dioxide
Describe the structure of veins
Large lumen to support flow of blood
Valves to ensure blood flows in the right direction and reduce back flow
Where does deoxygenated blood from the body enter the heart
The right atrium
What pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Right ventricle
What does the left atrium receive
Oxygenated blood from the lungs
What does the left ventricle do
Pumps oxygenated blood around the body enter
What is the difference between right and left ventricle
Left ventricle is thicker and has far more muscle as it has to pump higher pressure blood around the body.
Which side are the tricuspid valve
Right side of the heard, below the semi lunar valve
Why does exercise increase heart rate
Increases concentration of carbon dioxide in blood
High levels of co2 are detected by receptors in the aorta
This sends signals to the brain
Sends signals to heart telling it to contract more frequently, causing an increased heart rate
How is Adrenalin released
When an organism is threatened, the adrenal glands release adrenaline.
This adrenaline binds to receptors, this causes cardiac muscle to contract more frequently with more force and the heart pumps more blood, this gives tissues more o2 getting ready for action
Where do the renal kidney and artery go to
Kidney
Where do the hepatic portal vein and hepatic vein go to
Liver from gut
What causes Coronary Heart disease
- build up of fat block coronary arteries
-decreasing surface area of them, reducing o2 transportation to heart muscle, - high fat saturated diets can lead to fat deposition build up in the arteries
- smoking can increase blood pressure which can damage the arteries
The smoke can also cause damage, increasing chance of fat build up
Being inactive can increase blood pressure, damaging artery lining
