Blood: 17.4 Flashcards
how much do WBCs account in blood volume
less than 1%
On average, there are __________ WBCs/µl of blood
4,800 to 10,800
However, white blood cells are able to slip out of
the capillary blood vessels-a process called _____
diapedesis
the signals that prompt WBCs to leave the bloodstream at specific locations are _____________ displayed by endothelial cells forming the capillary walls at sites of inflammation.
cell adhesion molecules
Once out of the bloodstream, leukocytes move through the tissue spaces by
amoeboid motion
By following the chemical trail of molecules released by damaged cells or other leukocytes, a phenomenon called __________, they pinpoint areas of
tissue damage and infection and gather there in large numbers to destroy foreign substances and dead cells.
positive chemotaxis
A white blood cell count of over 11,000 cells/µL
is called
leukocytosis
what is the name of the condition that is a normal response to an infection in the body
leukocytosis
what are the 2 major categories that group Leukocytes and what is it based on
the 2 categories are
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
basis of structural and chemical characteristics
Granulocytes
contain obvious membrane-bound cytoplasmic
granules.
Agranulocytes
lack obvious granules.
list the leukocytes in order from
most abundant to least abundant.
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
Granulocytes include
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Granulocytes are roughly spherical in shape.
They are larger and much shorter-lived (in most cases) than erythrocytes. T or F
true
what is the shape of the nucleus of a granulocyte
lobed
the granulocytes membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules stain quite specifically with ______________
Wright’s stain
____ the most numerous white blood cells,
account for 50-70% of the WBC population.
Neutrophils
Neutrophils are about _______ as large as erythrocytes.
twice
The neutrophil cytoplasm contains very thick granules ( of two varieties) that are easy to see. T or F
F
they are very fine and actually difficult to see
Neutrophils get their name (literally, “neutral-loving”) because?
their granules take up both basic (blue) and acidic (red) dyes
the granules of neutrophils when stained give the cell’s cytoplasm a ______ color
lilac
For neutrophils Some of these granules contain _____________, and are regarded as
___________.
hydrolytic enzymes
Lysosomes
In neutrophils smaller granules, contain a potent
“brew” of antimicrobial proteins, called
defensins
Neutrophil nuclei typically have ________ Jobes which is why they are also called ________
3 to 6 polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) or simply polys
Neutrophils are our body’s ______ slayers, and their numbers increase explosively during __________such as _________and ___________-.
bacteria
acute bacterial infection
meningitis and appendicitis
Neutrophils are chemically attracted to sites of ________and are active ________-.
inflammation
phagocytes
Neutrophils are especially partial to ingesting ____and some ____-, which they enclose in a vesicle called a _________
bacteria
fungi
phagosome
One way that neutrophils kill bacteria is a process called a
respiratory burst
During the respiratory burst, the cells metabolize oxygen to produce ___________substances such as _______ and __________. In addition, ______containing granules merge with the microbe-containing ______. As a result, defensins form _________that pierce holes in the membrane of the ingested “foe” and the bacterium
_____.
potent germ killer oxidizing bleach and hydrogen peroxide defensin phagosome peptide spears lyses
______ account for 2-4% of all leukocytes
and are approximately the size of neutrophils
Eosinophils
Eosinophils nucleus usually has 3 lobes connected by a broad band of nuclear material. T or F
F
its actually 2 not 3
Eosinophils Large, coarse granules that stain from brick red to _____with acid (____) dyes pack the cytoplasm.
crimson
Eosin
Eosinophils granules
are ________like and filled with a unique variety of ________
However, unlike typical _____, they lack
enzymes that specifically ______.
lysosome
digestive enzymes
lysosomes
digest bacteria
The most important role of eosinophils is to
lead the counterattack against parasitic worms, such as flatworms (tapeworms and flukes) and round worms (pin worms and hookworms) that are too large to be phagocytized.
worms are ingested in food especially in ______ or invade the body via the ____ and then typically burrow into the ___________
raw fish
skin
intestinal or respiratory mucosae
Eosinophils reside in the______________at the same body sites, and when they encounter a parasitic worm “prey,” they gather around and release the _________from their cytoplasmic granules onto the parasite’s surface, digesting it away.
loose connective tissues
enzymes
Eosinophils have complex roles in many other diseases
including
allergies and asthma
While they eosinophils contribute to the
________ that occurs in many________, we are also beginning to recognize them as important _________ of the immune response.
tissue damage
immune processes
modulators
_________ are the rarest white blood cells, accounting for only 0.5-1 % of the leukocyte population
Basophils
________ cytoplasm contains large, coarse, _______-containing granules that have an affinity
for the ______dyes and stain ________
basophils
histamine
basic
purplish black
what is the inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator (makes blood vessels dilate) and
attracts other white blood cells to the inflamed site
histamine
what drugs counter the effect of histamine
antihistamines
what is the shape of the nucleus of basophils
U or S shaped
Granulated cells similar to basophils, called ______cells, are found in _______
mast
connective tissue
Although mast cell nuclei tend to be more ____than lobed, the cells are similar microscopically,
and both cell types bind to a particular antibody _____________ that causes the cells to release ______. However, mast
cells and basophils arise from ______cell lines.
oval
immunoglobin E
histamine
different
The agrauulocytes include
lymphocytes and monocytes
_______ accounting for 25% or more of the WBC population, are the second most numerous leukocytes in the blood.
lymphocytes
When stained, a typical lymphocyte has a __________________________ that occupies ______ of the cell volume. The nucleus is usually _______ but may be slightly _____, and it is surrounded by a ______ of ___________
large, dark-purple nucleus most spherical indented thin rim pale blue cytoplasm
classification of lymphocytes
small diameter 5-8 micro meters
medium 10-12 micro meters
large 14-17 micro meters
Large numbers of lymphocytes exist in the body, but relatively few (mostly the small lymphocytes) are found in the _______. In fact, lymphocytes are so called because most are closely associated with_______________where they play a crucial role in _______.
bloodstream
lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen)
immunity
_________ function in the immune response by
acting directly against virus-infected cells and tumor cells
T lymphocytes (T cells)
_________ give rise to plasma cells, which produce ________(___________) that are released to the blood.
B lymphocytes (B cells) antibodies (immunoglobulins)
________ account for 3-8% of WBCs.
monocytes
monocytes have an average diameter of _______ making them the ______ leukocytes
18 micrometers
largest
monocytes have abundant _________ cytoplasm and a darkly staining ______ nucleus, which is often___________
pale blue
purple
U or kidney shaped
When circulating monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter the tissues, they differentiate into highly mobile ________ with prodigious appetites.
macrophages
Macrophages are actively ______, and they are crucial in the body’s defense against ______,
certain ____________, and chronic ______ such as _________.
phagocytic viruses intracellular bacterial parasites infections tuberculosis
macrophages can also activate _______to mount an immune response
lymphocytes
what is the name of the process of production of WBCs
leukopoiesis
the production of WBCs is stimulated by what
chemical messangers
the chemical messangers that stimulate WBCs production can act either as _______ or _________
paracrines
Hormones
the chemical messangers are what
glycoproteins that fall into two families of hematopoietic factors, interleukins and colony-stimulating factors, or CSFs.
the interleukins _________
are numbered
but most CSFs are named for the
leukocyte population they stimulate for example, granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF) stimulates production
of granulocytes
Hematopoietic factors, released by supporting cells of the _________ and mature _________, not only
prompt the white blood cell precursors to _____and _____, but also enhance the _____potency of mature _______-
red bone marrow WBCs divide mature protective leukocytes
give examples of the hematopoietic hormones
EPO and several of the CSFs
what are EPO and several of the CSFs used clinically for
These hormones stimulate the bone marrow of cancer patients who are receiving chemotherapy (which suppresses the marrow)
those who have received stem cell transplants.
They are also used to beef up the protective responses of AIDS patients
Overproduction of abnormal leukocytes occurs in ______ and____________
leukemia
infectious mononucleosis
what is an abnormally low white blood cell count
commonly induced by drugs, particularly glucocorticoids and anticancer agents
leukopenia
At the opposite pole, leukopeuia is an abnormally low white blood cell count commonly induced by drugs, particularly __________ and _______________.
glucocorticoids
anticancer agents
_______ refers to a group of cancerous conditions involving overproduction of abnormal white blood cells
leukemia
As a rule, the renegade leukocytes are members of a _______
single clone
As a rule, the renegade leukocytes are members of a single clone (descendants of a single cell) that remain
________ and ____________, impairing normal _____________ function
unspecialized
proliferate out of control
red bone marrow
which leukemia is quickly advancing because it derives from stem cells
Acute leukemia
which leukemia is slowly advancing because it involves
proliferation of later cell stages.
chronic leukemia
which leukemia involves myeloblast descendants.
Myeloid leukemia
which leukemia involves lymphocytes
lymphocytic leukemia
The more serious acute forms primarily affect ________
children
Chronic leukemia occurs more often in
elderly people
Without therapy, all leukemias are _____, and only the ________ differs.
fatal
time course
in all leukemias, cancerous _____ fill the red bone marrow and _________ flood into the bloodstream
leukocytes
immature WBCs
in leukemia The other blood cell lines are crowded out, so _________ and _________ result
severe anemia
bleeding problems
symptoms of leukemia
fever
weight loss
bone pain
most common causes of death for people with leukemia
internal hemorrhage
overwhelming affection
________and __________can destroy the rapidly dividing cells and induce ______ lasting from months to years. _____ transplants are used in
selected patients when compatible donors are available.
irradiation
antileukemic drugs
remission
stem cell
Infectious Mononucleosis is Sometimes called the
kissing disease
what is infectious mononucleosis
highly contagious viral disease most often seen in young adults
infectious mononucleosis Caused by the ___________, the disease has a hallmark of excessive numbers of __________.
Epstein-Barr virus
lymphocytes
in infectious mononucleosis Many of these
lymphocytes are so ____ and ____that they were originally misidentified as _____, and the disease was mistakenly named ________
large
atypical
monocytes
mononucleosis
symptoms of mononucleosis
tired
achy
chronic sore throat
love grade fever
mononucleosis recovery with rest takes about …
4 to 6 weeks
