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Bio 2 > Blood: 17.4 > Flashcards

Blood: 17.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

how much do WBCs account in blood volume

A

less than 1%

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2
Q

On average, there are __________ WBCs/µl of blood

A

4,800 to 10,800

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3
Q

However, white blood cells are able to slip out of

the capillary blood vessels-a process called _____

A

diapedesis

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4
Q

the signals that prompt WBCs to leave the bloodstream at specific locations are _____________ displayed by endothelial cells forming the capillary walls at sites of inflammation.

A

cell adhesion molecules

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5
Q

Once out of the bloodstream, leukocytes move through the tissue spaces by

A

amoeboid motion

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6
Q

By following the chemical trail of molecules released by damaged cells or other leukocytes, a phenomenon called __________, they pinpoint areas of
tissue damage and infection and gather there in large numbers to destroy foreign substances and dead cells.

A

positive chemotaxis

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7
Q

A white blood cell count of over 11,000 cells/µL

is called

A

leukocytosis

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8
Q

what is the name of the condition that is a normal response to an infection in the body

A

leukocytosis

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9
Q

what are the 2 major categories that group Leukocytes and what is it based on

A

the 2 categories are
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
basis of structural and chemical characteristics

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10
Q

Granulocytes

A

contain obvious membrane-bound cytoplasmic

granules.

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11
Q

Agranulocytes

A

lack obvious granules.

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12
Q

list the leukocytes in order from

most abundant to least abundant.

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

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13
Q

Granulocytes include

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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14
Q

Granulocytes are roughly spherical in shape.

They are larger and much shorter-lived (in most cases) than erythrocytes. T or F

A

true

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15
Q

what is the shape of the nucleus of a granulocyte

A

lobed

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16
Q

the granulocytes membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules stain quite specifically with ______________

A

Wright’s stain

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17
Q

____ the most numerous white blood cells,

account for 50-70% of the WBC population.

A

Neutrophils

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18
Q

Neutrophils are about _______ as large as erythrocytes.

A

twice

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19
Q

The neutrophil cytoplasm contains very thick granules ( of two varieties) that are easy to see. T or F

A

F

they are very fine and actually difficult to see

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20
Q

Neutrophils get their name (literally, “neutral-loving”) because?

A

their granules take up both basic (blue) and acidic (red) dyes

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21
Q

the granules of neutrophils when stained give the cell’s cytoplasm a ______ color

A

lilac

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22
Q

For neutrophils Some of these granules contain _____________, and are regarded as
___________.

A

hydrolytic enzymes

Lysosomes

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23
Q

In neutrophils smaller granules, contain a potent

“brew” of antimicrobial proteins, called

A

defensins

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24
Q

Neutrophil nuclei typically have ________ Jobes which is why they are also called ________

A 
3 to 6
polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) or simply polys
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25
Q

Neutrophils are our body’s ______ slayers, and their numbers increase explosively during __________such as _________and ___________-.

A

bacteria
acute bacterial infection
meningitis and appendicitis

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26
Q

Neutrophils are chemically attracted to sites of ________and are active ________-.

A

inflammation

phagocytes

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27
Q

Neutrophils are especially partial to ingesting ____and some ____-, which they enclose in a vesicle called a _________

A

bacteria
fungi
phagosome

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28
Q

One way that neutrophils kill bacteria is a process called a

A

respiratory burst

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29
Q

During the respiratory burst, the cells metabolize oxygen to produce ___________substances such as _______ and __________. In addition, ______containing granules merge with the microbe-containing ______. As a result, defensins form _________that pierce holes in the membrane of the ingested “foe” and the bacterium
_____.

A 
potent germ killer oxidizing
bleach and hydrogen peroxide
defensin 
phagosome
peptide spears
lyses
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30
Q

______ account for 2-4% of all leukocytes

and are approximately the size of neutrophils

A

Eosinophils

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31
Q

Eosinophils nucleus usually has 3 lobes connected by a broad band of nuclear material. T or F

A

F

its actually 2 not 3

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32
Q

Eosinophils Large, coarse granules that stain from brick red to _____with acid (____) dyes pack the cytoplasm.

A

crimson

Eosin

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33
Q

Eosinophils granules
are ________like and filled with a unique variety of ________
However, unlike typical _____, they lack
enzymes that specifically ______.

A

lysosome
digestive enzymes
lysosomes
digest bacteria

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34
Q

The most important role of eosinophils is to

A

lead the counterattack against parasitic worms, such as flatworms (tapeworms and flukes) and round worms (pin worms and hookworms) that are too large to be phagocytized.

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35
Q

worms are ingested in food especially in ______ or invade the body via the ____ and then typically burrow into the ___________

A

raw fish
skin
intestinal or respiratory mucosae

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36
Q

Eosinophils reside in the______________at the same body sites, and when they encounter a parasitic worm “prey,” they gather around and release the _________from their cytoplasmic granules onto the parasite’s surface, digesting it away.

A

loose connective tissues

enzymes

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37
Q

Eosinophils have complex roles in many other diseases

including

A

allergies and asthma

38
Q

While they eosinophils contribute to the
________ that occurs in many________, we are also beginning to recognize them as important _________ of the immune response.

A

tissue damage
immune processes
modulators

39
Q

_________ are the rarest white blood cells, accounting for only 0.5-1 % of the leukocyte population

A

Basophils

40
Q

________ cytoplasm contains large, coarse, _______-containing granules that have an affinity
for the ______dyes and stain ________

A

basophils
histamine
basic
purplish black

41
Q

what is the inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator (makes blood vessels dilate) and
attracts other white blood cells to the inflamed site

A

histamine

42
Q

what drugs counter the effect of histamine

A

antihistamines

43
Q

what is the shape of the nucleus of basophils

A

U or S shaped

44
Q

Granulated cells similar to basophils, called ______cells, are found in _______

A

mast

connective tissue

45
Q

Although mast cell nuclei tend to be more ____than lobed, the cells are similar microscopically,
and both cell types bind to a particular antibody _____________ that causes the cells to release ______. However, mast
cells and basophils arise from ______cell lines.

A

oval
immunoglobin E
histamine
different

46
Q

The agrauulocytes include

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

47
Q

_______ accounting for 25% or more of the WBC population, are the second most numerous leukocytes in the blood.

A

lymphocytes

48
Q

When stained, a typical lymphocyte has a __________________________ that occupies ______ of the cell volume. The nucleus is usually _______ but may be slightly _____, and it is surrounded by a ______ of ___________

A 
large, dark-purple nucleus
most
spherical
indented
thin rim
pale blue cytoplasm
49
Q

classification of lymphocytes

A

small diameter 5-8 micro meters
medium 10-12 micro meters
large 14-17 micro meters

50
Q

Large numbers of lymphocytes exist in the body, but relatively few (mostly the small lymphocytes) are found in the _______. In fact, lymphocytes are so called because most are closely associated with_______________where they play a crucial role in _______.

A

bloodstream
lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen)
immunity

51
Q

_________ function in the immune response by

acting directly against virus-infected cells and tumor cells

A

T lymphocytes (T cells)

52
Q

_________ give rise to plasma cells, which produce ________(___________) that are released to the blood.

A 
B lymphocytes (B cells)
antibodies (immunoglobulins)
53
Q

________ account for 3-8% of WBCs.

A

monocytes

54
Q

monocytes have an average diameter of _______ making them the ______ leukocytes

A

18 micrometers

largest

55
Q

monocytes have abundant _________ cytoplasm and a darkly staining ______ nucleus, which is often___________

A

pale blue
purple
U or kidney shaped

56
Q

When circulating monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter the tissues, they differentiate into highly mobile ________ with prodigious appetites.

A

macrophages

57
Q

Macrophages are actively ______, and they are crucial in the body’s defense against ______,
certain ____________, and chronic ______ such as _________.

A 
phagocytic
viruses 
intracellular bacterial parasites
infections
tuberculosis
58
Q

macrophages can also activate _______to mount an immune response

A

lymphocytes

59
Q

what is the name of the process of production of WBCs

A

leukopoiesis

60
Q

the production of WBCs is stimulated by what

A

chemical messangers

61
Q

the chemical messangers that stimulate WBCs production can act either as _______ or _________

A

paracrines

Hormones

62
Q

the chemical messangers are what

A

glycoproteins that fall into two families of hematopoietic factors, interleukins and colony-stimulating factors, or CSFs.

63
Q

the interleukins _________

A

are numbered

64
Q

but most CSFs are named for the

A

leukocyte population they stimulate for example, granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF) stimulates production
of granulocytes

65
Q

Hematopoietic factors, released by supporting cells of the _________ and mature _________, not only
prompt the white blood cell precursors to _____and _____, but also enhance the _____potency of mature _______-

A 
red bone marrow
WBCs
divide
mature
protective
leukocytes
66
Q

give examples of the hematopoietic hormones

A

EPO and several of the CSFs

67
Q

what are EPO and several of the CSFs used clinically for

A

These hormones stimulate the bone marrow of cancer patients who are receiving chemotherapy (which suppresses the marrow)
those who have received stem cell transplants.
They are also used to beef up the protective responses of AIDS patients

68
Q

Overproduction of abnormal leukocytes occurs in ______ and____________

A

leukemia

infectious mononucleosis

69
Q

what is an abnormally low white blood cell count

commonly induced by drugs, particularly glucocorticoids and anticancer agents

A

leukopenia

70
Q

At the opposite pole, leukopeuia is an abnormally low white blood cell count commonly induced by drugs, particularly __________ and _______________.

A

glucocorticoids

anticancer agents

71
Q

_______ refers to a group of cancerous conditions involving overproduction of abnormal white blood cells

A

leukemia

72
Q

As a rule, the renegade leukocytes are members of a _______

A

single clone

73
Q

As a rule, the renegade leukocytes are members of a single clone (descendants of a single cell) that remain
________ and ____________, impairing normal _____________ function

A

unspecialized
proliferate out of control
red bone marrow

74
Q

which leukemia is quickly advancing because it derives from stem cells

A

Acute leukemia

75
Q

which leukemia is slowly advancing because it involves

proliferation of later cell stages.

A

chronic leukemia

76
Q

which leukemia involves myeloblast descendants.

A

Myeloid leukemia

77
Q

which leukemia involves lymphocytes

A

lymphocytic leukemia

78
Q

The more serious acute forms primarily affect ________

A

children

79
Q

Chronic leukemia occurs more often in

A

elderly people

80
Q

Without therapy, all leukemias are _____, and only the ________ differs.

A

fatal

time course

81
Q

in all leukemias, cancerous _____ fill the red bone marrow and _________ flood into the bloodstream

A

leukocytes

immature WBCs

82
Q

in leukemia The other blood cell lines are crowded out, so _________ and _________ result

A

severe anemia

bleeding problems

83
Q

symptoms of leukemia

A

fever
weight loss
bone pain

84
Q

most common causes of death for people with leukemia

A

internal hemorrhage

overwhelming affection

85
Q

________and __________can destroy the rapidly dividing cells and induce ______ lasting from months to years. _____ transplants are used in
selected patients when compatible donors are available.

A

irradiation
antileukemic drugs
remission
stem cell

86
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis is Sometimes called the

A

kissing disease

87
Q

what is infectious mononucleosis

A

highly contagious viral disease most often seen in young adults

88
Q

infectious mononucleosis Caused by the ___________, the disease has a hallmark of excessive numbers of __________.

A

Epstein-Barr virus

lymphocytes

89
Q

in infectious mononucleosis Many of these
lymphocytes are so ____ and ____that they were originally misidentified as _____, and the disease was mistakenly named ________

A

large
atypical
monocytes
mononucleosis

90
Q

symptoms of mononucleosis

A

tired
achy
chronic sore throat
love grade fever

91
Q

mononucleosis recovery with rest takes about …

A

4 to 6 weeks

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