17.1 and 17.2 Flashcards
what are the 3 functions of the blood
transport
regulation
protection
transport includes Delivering _____ from the lungs and ____ from the digestive tract to ______
oxygen
nutrients
all body cells
Transporting metabolic waste products from ___ to ______
cells
elimination sites
Transporting hormones from the ________ to their ______
endocrine organs
target organs
Maintaining appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat throughout the body and to the skin surface to encourage ______
heat loss
Maintaining normal pH in body tissues. Many blood proteins and other bloodborne solutes act as _____ to prevent excessive or abrupt changes in blood pH that could jeopardize normal cell activities. Blood also acts as the reservoir for the body’s “alkaline reserve” of _______
buffers
bicarbonate ions
Maintaining adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system. As we will see, blood proteins prevent ________ from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces. As a result, the fluid volume in the blood vessels remains ample to support efficient blood circulation to all parts of the body
excessive fluid loss
Preventing blood loss. When a blood vessel is damaged, ____ and ______- initiate clot formation, halting blood loss.
platelets
plasma proteins
Preventing infection. Drifting along in blood are antibodies, complement proteins, and_________ all of which help defend the body against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses.
leukocytes
Blood is a specialized connective tissue in which living blood cells, called the ______ are suspended in a nonliving flu id matrix called ____
formed elements
plasma
Blood lacks the collagen and elastic fibers typical of other connective tissues, but dissolved fibrous
proteins become visible as _______ during blood clotting
fibrin strands
Most of the reddish mass at the bottom of the tube is
erythrocytes
A thin, whitish layer called the ______ is present at the __________
buffy coat
erythrocyte plasma junction
what does the buffy coat contain
Leukocytes and platelets
Erythrocytes normally constitute about ___ of the total volume of a blood sample, a percentage known as the _____
45%
hematocrit
Normal hematocrit values vary.
In healthy males the norm is
in females it is
males - 47% ± 5%
females - 42% ± 5%
Leukocytes and platelets contribute less than____of
blood volume. Plasma makes up most of the remaining ____ of whole blood
less than 1%
55%
blood is technically made up of two things
plasma and formed elements (erythrocytes and buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets))
blood pH is
slightly alkaline 7.35 to 7.45
RBC count
women = 4.2-5.4 million cells per microliter men = 4.7-6.1 million cells/µl
average volume of blood in males and females
males = 5-6 L females = 4-5 L
plasma is mostly
water
Although outnumbered by the lighter electrolytes, the heavier _______ are the most abundant plasma solutes by weight, accounting for about ____ of plasma weight.
plasma proteins
8%
Except for hormones and gamma globulins (antibodies), most plasma proteins are produced by the
liver
how much does albumin account for in plasma proteins
60%
_____ acts as a carrier to _____ certain molecules through the circulation, and is the major blood protein contributing to the __________
albumin
shuttle
plasma osmotic pressure
Most types of formed elements survive in the bloodstream for only a
few days
Most blood cells ______. Instead, _____ divide continuously in red bone marrow to replace them.
do not divide
stem cells
the solutes of the plasma fall in the categories of
electrolytes plasma proteins non protein nitrogenous substances organic nutrients respiratory gases hormones
plasma proteins include
albumin, globulins (alpha, beta, gamma), fibrinogen
electrolytes are the most abundant solutes by
number
electrolytes can be
anions or cations
what do electrolytes maintain
plasma osmotic pressure and normal blood pH
plasma proteins have lots of functions list some
- contribute to osmotic pressure
- maintain water balance in the blood and tissues
- other transport and enzymatic functions
most abundant plasma protein
albumin (60%)
where is albumin produced
by the liver
albumin is the main contributor to what
osmotic pressure
globulins are what percent of plasma proteins
36%
where are alpha and beta globulins produced
by the liver
alpha and beta globulins are mostly
transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat soluble vitamins
gamma are what
antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response
By-products of cellular met abolism,
such as urea, uric acid, creatinine, and
ammonium salts
non protein nitrogenous substances
Mat erials absorbed from digestive tract and transported f or use t hroughout body; include glucose and other simple carbohydrat es, amino acids (prot ein digest ion products), f atty acids, glycerol and triglycerides (fat digestion products), cholesterol, and vitamins
Nutrients (organic)
Oxygen and carbon dioxide; oxygen mostly bound to hemoglobin inside RBCs; carbon dioxide transported dissolved as bicarbonat e ion or C02, or bound to hemoglobin in RBC
respiratory gases
Steroid and thyroid hormones carried
by plasma proteins
hormones
fibrinogen
4% of plasma proteins
where is fibrinogen produced
liver
what does fibrinogen
forms fibrin threads of blood clot
