Block Eight Flashcards
Body Systems Part 2
Nares
The nostrils
Trachea
A large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extended from the larynx to th bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.
Larynx
A hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box
Epiglottis
A flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swalling to cover the opening of the windpipe.
Bronchi
The two main branches leading from the trachea to the lungs.
Alveoli
Any of the many tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange.
Diaphragm
The strong, dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and assists in breathing.
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
A lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible.
Emphysema
A condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness.
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the mucuos membrane in the bronchial tubes. it typically causes bronchospasm and coughing.
Shortness of Breath (SOB)
A feeling of difficult or laboed breathing that is out of proportion to the person’s level of physical activity.
Cyanotic
Skin that is blue or gray.
Apnea
Temporary cessation of breathing, especially during sleep.
Expectorate
Cough or spit out (phlegm) from the throat or lungs.
Pneumonia
Lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection, in which the air sacs fill with pus and may become solid.
Asthma
A respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing.
Pertussis
Also known as “Whooping Cough” is a highly contagious, acute respiratory illness characterized by fits of coughing and caused by the bacteria Bordetella Pertussis.
Bladder
A membranous sac in humans and other animals, in which urine is collected for excretion.
Urination
The discharge of urine from the body.
Voiding
urinating
Urinary Retention
The inability to empty the bladder completely or partially.
Dysuria
Painful or difficult urination.
Nocturia
A condition where the individual has to wake at night one or more times for voiding.
Urinary Incontinence
Inability to hold urine in the bladder due to loss of voluntary control over the urinary sphincters resulting in the involuntary passage of urine.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Infection within any part of urinary system that can cause symptoms of burning, cramping, and a frequent urge to urinate.
Kidney Stone
Clumps of minerals that form in the kidneys and bladder. Symptoms include severe flank pain and blood in the urine.
Renal Failure
A condition in which the kidneys fail to function adequately
Dialysis
A procedure that is done to remove waste products and fluids from the body when a person’s kidneys fail and can no longer perform this task.
Ureterostomy
The creation of a stoma (a new, artificial outlet) for a ureter or kidney to permit urine to pass.
Bowel Movement (BM)
An act of defecation.
Defecation
The discharge of feces from the body.
Feces
Waste matter discharged from the bowels after food has been digested; excrement.
Stool
The semi-solid waste product of digestion.
Flatus
Gas in or from the stomach or intestines, produced by swallowing air or by bacterial fermentation.
Incontinence
The inability to control the bladder or bowels.
Constipation
The inability to eliminate stool, or the infrequent, difficult, and often painful elimination of a hard, dry stool.
Enema
A specific amount of water, with or without an additive, which is introduced into the colon to stimulate the elimination of stool.
Fecal Impaction
A solid, immobile bulk of feces that can develop in the rectum as a result of chronic constipation.
Bowel Obstruction
also known as intestinal obstruction, is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines that prevents the normal movement of the products of digestion.
Hemorrhoids
A swollen vein or group of veins in the region of the anus.
Diarrhea
A condition in which feces are discharged from the bowels frequently and in a liquid form.
Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD)
A chronic condition in which the liquid contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus. This can result in inflammation and damage to the lining of the esophagus.
Reflux
The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach.
Ulcer
A lesion on the lining (mucosa) of the digestive tract typically in the stomach or duodenum, caused by the digestive action of pepsin and stomach acid.
Ostomy
A surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside.
Stoma
An artificial opening in the body from which waste can be eliminated.
Colostomy
A surgical operation in which a piece of the colon is diverted to an artificial opening in the abdominal wall so as to bypass a damaged part of the colon.
Ileostomy
A surgical operation in which a piece of the ileum is diverted to an artificial opening in the abdominal wall
Ostomy bag
A prosthetic medical device that provides a means for the collection of waste from a surgically diverted biological system (colon, ileum, bladder) and the creation of a stoma.
Gland
An organ that creates and releases hormones in the body.
Hormones
Chemical substances created by the body that controls numerous body functions.
Metabolism
Physical and chemical processes by which substances are produced or broken down into energy or products for use by the body.
Diabetes Type I (T1DM)
Usually diagnosed in children or young adults, a chronic and lifelong disease where the pancreas either produces no insulin or too little insulin and is usually managed through daily injections.
Diabetes Type 2 (T2DM)
A disease process where the body does not produce enough insulin, or the body fails to properly use insulin. Usually occurs in people who are obese or have a family history or diabetes and can usually be controlled with diet and/or medications.
Insulin
A hormone produced in the pancreas by the islets of Langerhans that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. The lack of insulin causes a form of diabetes.
Pancreas
A large gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Embedded in the pancreas are the islets of the Langerhans, which secrete into the blood the hormones insulin and glucagon.
Blood Glucose
The concentration of glucose in the blood.
Glucometer
A medical device for determining the approximate concentration of glucose in the blood.
Polyuria
Production of abnormally large volumes of diluted urine.
Prediabetes
Occurs when a person’s blood glucose levels are above normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes.
Thyroid
A large ductless gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism.
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
A common, noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland.
Sexually Transmitted infection (STI)
An infection a person can get by having sex.
Immune System
The body’s defense system which protects from disease, toxins and infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
Nonspecific Immunity
The body’s defense system to protect the body from disease in general.
Specific Immunity
The body’s defense system to protect against a particular disease produced by prior exposure or immunization.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
A disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in which the body’s immune system is weakened and unable to fight infection.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Is a virus that attacks the immune system, the body’s natural defense system.
Tumor
A cluster of abnormally growing cells.
Cancer
A general term used to describe a disease in which abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way.
