Block 6 (Part 2)

Question 1

Aggression

Answer 1

any behavior intended to harm another person who does not want to be harmed

Question 2

Violence

Answer 2

aggression intended to cause extreme physical harm, such as injury or death

Question 3

Availability Heuristic

Answer 3

the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind

Question 4

Relational Aggression

Answer 4

intentionally harming another person’s social relationships, feelings of acceptance, or inclusion within a group

Question 5

Hostile Attribution Bias

Answer 5

the tendency to perceive ambiguous actions by others as aggressive

Question 6

Hostile Perception Bias

Answer 6

the tendency to perceive social interactions in general as being aggressive

Question 7

Hostile Expectation Bias

Answer 7

the tendency to assume that people will react to potential conflicts with aggression

Question 8

Catharsis

Answer 8

Greek term that means to cleanse or purge

applied to aggression, catharsis is the belief that acting aggressively or even viewing aggression purges angry feelings and aggressive impulses into harmless channels

Question 9

Punishment

Answer 9

inflicting pain or removing pleasure for a misdeed, punishment decreases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated

Question 10

What is social learning theory?

Answer 10

behavior is also learned through the observations of others

Question 11

What happens to people by watching aggressive models?

Answer 11

learn specific aggressive behaviors

develop more positive attitudes and beliefs about aggression in general

construct aggressive “scripts”

nonaggressive models decrease aggressive behaviors

Question 12

What is aggression?

Answer 12

aggression is defined as behavior that is intended to harm another individual

how do we know someone’s intentions?

aggressive behavior can come in many different forms

Question 13

What is violence?

Answer 13

violence refers to extreme acts of aggression

Question 14

What is anger?

Answer 14

anger consists of strong feelings of displeasure in response to a perceived injury

Question 15

What is hostility?

Answer 15

hostility is a negative, antagonistic attitude toward another person or group

Question 16

What is instrumental aggression?

Answer 16

harm is inflicted as a means to a desired end

Question 17

What is emotional aggression?

Answer 17

harm is inflicted for its own sake

Question 18

What is the relationship between gender and aggression?

Answer 18

universal findings that men are more violent women

differences stable over time and place

Question 19

What are challenges to the notion that men are more aggressive than females?

Answer 19

boys tend to be more overtly aggressive

girls often are more indirectly, or relationally, aggressive

Question 20

What is the evolutionary psychology of gender differences in aggression?

Answer 20

uses principles of evolution to understand both the roots and contemporary patterns of human aggression

males aggress to achieve and maintain status

females aggress to protect offspring

Question 21

What is the relationship between socialization and gender differences in aggression?

Answer 21

males and females are rewarded differently for aggression, also have different models

social roles have a strong influence on gender differences in physical aggression

Question 22

What is the relationship between culture and aggression?

Answer 22

cultures differ with respect to: the forms violence typically takes, people’s attitudes toward various kinds of aggression

cultures differ in aggression involving children

bullying of students by other students is pervasive around the world

Question 23

What is aggression in cultures of honor?

Answer 23

socialization of aggression varies across cultures, cultural differences in machismo

a culture of honor emphasizes honor and status, particularly for males, and the role of aggression in protecting that honor, promotes violent behavior

Question 24

What is the link between media and real-world violence?

Answer 24

media reports tend to conclude that the relevant scientific evidence is weak and mixed, at best

research reveals unequivocal evidence that media violence increases the likelihood of aggression and violent behavior in both immediate and long-term contexts

Question 25

What is the longitudinal research on the link between media and real-world violence?

Answer 25

examines individual’s exposure to violent media early in life and then examines their real-world aggression years later

Question 26

What is the experiemntal research on the link between media and real-world violence?

Answer 26

individuals are randomly assigned to violent or nonviolent media, and their aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are measured immediately after the exposure

Question 27

How does media cause violence effects?

Answer 27

desensitization to violence refers to a reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity to real violence

cultivation refers to the capacity of the mass media to construct a social reality that people perceive as true, even if it isn’t

Question 28

What is violent pornography?

Answer 28

violent pornography is a triple threat: combines high arousal, negative emotions, and aggressive thoughts

programs that include violent pornography have a stronger effect on aggression than any other type of program

one of the few situational factors that increases aggression even in the absence of provocation

Question 29

What is Neil Malamuth’s “rapist profile”?

Answer 29

relatively high levels of sexual arousal in response to violent pornography

attitudes and opinions indicating acceptance of violence toward women

negative attitudes and frequent consumption of violent pornography each predict self-reported sexually aggressive intentions

dangers of mixing violence and sexual arousal are not limited to the pornography industry

Question 30

What is sexual aggression among college students?

Answer 30

incidence of rape among female college students in the U.S. is (at least) 35 per 1,000

90% of college women who are raped know their assailants

most rapes occur in social situations

a majority of college women and about 1/3 college men report experiencing coercive sexual contact

Question 31

What is partner abuse?

Answer 31

approximately 1/3 to 1/2 of female homicide victims are murdered by a husband or a boyfriend

national surveys in 1975 and 1985 showed surprisingly high level of wife-to-husband violence

caused by multiple factors

Question 32

What is child abuse?

Answer 32

more than 3 million American children between the ages of 3 and 17 years witness domestic violence every year

child abuse is multiply determined

there is a connection between violence in childhood and violence as an adult