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PSYCH 241 > Block 6 (Part 1) > Flashcards

Block 6 (Part 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Proximity

A

physical nearness

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2
Q

Functional Distance

A

the frequency with which we cross paths with others

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3
Q

Mere-Exposure Effect

A

the notion that people like people/places/things merely because they are familiar with them

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4
Q

Perceived Social Support

A

a person’s perception that others are there to help them in times of need

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5
Q

Received Social Support

A

the actual act of receiving support (e.g. informational, functional)

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6
Q

Support Network

A

the people who care about and support a person

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7
Q

What are sex differences?

A

biological distinctions between people that spring naturally from their physical natures

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8
Q

What are gender differences?

A

social and psychological distinctions that are created by our cultures and up-bringing

the social expectations and training we apply to people are often confounded with their sex

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9
Q

What are gender roles?

A

patterns of behavior that are culturally expected of “normal” people

cultural processes lead us to certain expectations

those stereotypes don’t describe real people very well

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10
Q

What is androgyny?

A

possess both sets of the competencies

possess both instrumental and expressive traits

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11
Q

What are instrumental traits?

A

assertiveness
self-reliance
ambition
leadership
decisiveness

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12
Q

What are expressive traits?

A

warmth
tenderness
compassion
kindness
sensitivity to others

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13
Q

What is sexual orientation?

A

a person’s sexual identity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted; for example, to members of the same sex (homosexuality), the opposite sex (heterosexuality), or both sexes (bisexuality)

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14
Q

How was a biological disposition to homosexuality discovered?

A

Simon LeVay (1991): examined a tiny nucleus in the hypothalamus

twin studies suggest a genetic predisposition (Bailey & Pillard, 1991)

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15
Q

What is erotic plasticity?

A

women may be more open and more likely to change sexual preferences over the course of a lifetime

not clear that sexual orientation for men and women is similarly rooted

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16
Q

What is the theory of exotic becoming erotic?

A

Daryl Bem (1996, 2000) sees the development of sexual orientation as a psychobiological process

genes influence a person’s temperament at birth, and who they play with

later, at puberty, people find that they are attracted to members of the same or opposite sex-depending on which is the more exotic

people do not seem to willfully choose their sexual orientation, nor can they change it

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17
Q

What are the similarities between heterosexual and homosexual couples?

A

the ways they meet

how satisfaction and commitment levels are affected by social exchange and equity concerns

the levels of liking and loving in their intimate relationships

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18
Q

What are two ways same-sex couples differ from straight couples?

A

are more likely to retain friendships with former sex partners

tend to divide chores more equally within a household

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19
Q

What is the proximity effect?

A

the single best predictor of attraction is physical proximity, or nearness

where we live influences the friends we make

college students tend to date those who live either nearby or in the same type of housing as they do

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20
Q

What is the mere exposure effect?

A

contrary to folk wisdom, familiarity does not breed contempt

the more often we are exposed to a stimulus, the more we come to like that stimulus

familiarity can influence our self-evaluations

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21
Q

What two factors is passionate attraction rooted in?

A

physiological arousal

attribution of the arousal to another person

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22
Q

What is excitation transfer?

A

our combined feelings are thought to be caused only by the second event

23
Q

What is the relationship between arousal and attraction?

A

high arousal seems to enhance our feelings of romantic attraction

genuine misattribution isn’t necessary for these effects to occur

stronger effect when we don’t know why we’re aroused

24
Q

What is social exchange theory?

A

people are motivated to maximize benefits and minimize costs in their relationships with others

relationships that provide more rewards and fewer costs will be more satisfying and endure longer

the development of an intimate relationship is associated with the overall level of rewards

25
Q

What is comparison level (CL)?

A

average expected outcome in relationships

26
Q

What is comparison level for alternatives (CLalt)?

A

expectations of what would receive in an alternative situation

investments in relationship increase commitment

27
Q

What is equity theory?

A

most content with a relationship when the ratio between the benefits and contributions is similar for both partners

28
Q

What are exchange relationships?

A

participants expect and desire strict reciprocity in their interactions

29
Q

What are communal relationships?

A

participants expect and desire mutual responsiveness to each other’s need

30
Q

What is romantic, passionate love?

A

appears to be a universal experience

most people report having been in love at least once

is experienced by people living in all cultures

has become an essential part of the marriage contract in contemporary societies

31
Q

What are the defining features of passionate love?

A

happiness, joy or rapture, closeness, warmth, affection, and tenderness

physical sensations associated with the experience of intense emotion

a host of positive emotions

jealousy

sexual attraction/desire

32
Q

What is companionate love?

A

takes the form of a rich, committed friendship with someone with whom our lives are intertwined

long-lasting, satisfying marriages seem to include a lot of companionate love

33
Q

What are the defining features of companionate love?

A

a relatively slow onset

durability or permanence

interdependence

feelings of affection, warmth, intimacy, and commitment

trust, mutual respect, and honesty

34
Q

What happens to companionate love over time?

A

there is some evidence that companionate love is durable and relatively impervious to the passage of time

companionate love may even grow stronger over time because it is grounded in intimacy processes that require time to develop fully

romantic relationships may progress in a linear fashion from passionate love to companionate love

35
Q

Why doesn’t romantic love last?

A

idealized glorification of one’s partner declines when people begin living together

the Coolidge effect: Sheer novelty adds excitement and energy to new loves

arousal fades as time goes on

36
Q

What are the general trends in love over time?

A

companionate love is more stable than romantic love is, very satisfying to those who experience it

people should commit themselves to lovers who are also good friends, can also purposefully and creatively strive to forestall any boredom that would undermine your contentment

37
Q

What events cause conflict?

A

Peterson concluded that couples may disagree about almost any issue

you name it, and some couple somewhere is quarreling over it

38
Q

What are the four categories of instigating events?

A

criticism: verbal or nonverbal acts that are seen as derogatory

illegitimate demands: requests that seem unjust

rebuffs: one person fails to respond to the norm

cumulative annoyances: trivial but become irritating with repitition

39
Q

What is negative affect reciprocity?

A

partners trade escalating provocations back and forth

this pattern is routinely exhibited by distressed, dissatisfied couples in deteriorating partnerships

40
Q

What is the demand/withdraw pattern?

A

one member (the demander) criticizes, nags, and makes demands of the other, while the partner (the withdrawer) avoids confrontation, withdraws, and becomes defensive

is self-perpetuating

around the world, women are the demanders and men the withdrawers more often than not

41
Q

What are the four types of couples dealing with conflict?

A

volatile: have frequent and passionate arguments

validators: fight more politely

avoiders: rarely argue

hostiles: fight with criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and withdrawal

42
Q

What is Gottman’s List of Don’ts?

A

don’t withdraw when your partner raises a concern or complaint

don’t go negative

don’t get caught in a loop of negative affect reciprocity (take a 10 minute break, but return ready to apologize)

43
Q

What reduces conflict?

A

increase rewarding behavior in other aspects of a relationship

try to understand the other’s point of view

44
Q

Why do unhappy people do a poor job of saying what they mean?

A

prone to kitchen-sinking

conversations frequently wandering from topic to topic

45
Q

Why do unhappy partners do a poor job of hearing each other?

A

mindreading

interrupting in negative ways

yes-butting

cross-complaining

46
Q

Why do unhappy partners too often display negative affect when they talk with each other?

A

begin with criticism or contempt

defensiveness

stonewalling

destructive belligerence

47
Q

What is behavior description?

A

identifying as plainly and concretely as possible a specific behavior that annoys us

48
Q

What are I-statements?

A

start with “I” and the describe a distinct emotional reaction

49
Q

What are XYZ statements?

A

statements follow the form of “When you do X in situation Y” (behavior description), “I feel Z” (I-statement)

50
Q

What is paraphrasing a message?

A

repeating it in our own words and giving the sender a chance to agree that’s what he or she actually meant

51
Q

What is perception checking?

A

people assess the accuracy of their inferences about a partner’s feelings by asking the partner for clarification

52
Q

What is active listening?

A

listeners who paraphrase and check their perceptions make an active effort to understand their partners

53
Q

When is a relationship likely to be long-lasting?

A

has incorporated each other into one’s self

has become interdependent and have invested much into the relationship

PSYCH 241 (12 decks)

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