Block 2 (Part 1)

Question 1

Conformity

Answer 1

changing one’s attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm

Question 2

Normative Influence

Answer 2

conformity that results from a concern for what other people think of us

Question 3

Informational Influence

Answer 3

conformity that results from a concern to act in a socially approved manner as determined by how others act

Question 4

Descriptive Norm

Answer 4

the perception of what most people do in a given situation

Question 5

Obedience

Answer 5

responding to an order or command from a person in a position of authority

Question 6

Bystander Intervention

Answer 6

the phenomenon whereby people intervene to help others in need even if the other is a complete stranger and the intervention puts the helper at risk

Question 7

Helping

Answer 7

prosocial acts that typically involve situations in which one person is in need and another provides the necessary assistance to eliminate the other’s need

Question 8

Pluralistic Ignorance

Answer 8

relying on the actions of others to define on ambiguous need situation and to then erroneously conclude that no help or intervention is necessary

Question 9

Diffusion of Responsibility

Answer 9

when deciding whether to help a person in need, knowing that there are others who could also provide assistance relieves bystanders of some measure of personal responsibility, reducing the likelihood that bystanders will intervene

Question 10

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Answer 10

a decision-making process that compares the cost of an action or thing against the expected benefit to help determine the best course of action

Question 11

Agreeableness

Answer 11

a core personality trait that includes such dispositional characteristics as being sympathetic, generous, forgiving, and helpful, and behavioral tendencies toward harmonious social relations and likeability

Question 12

Personal Behavior

Answer 12

social behavior that benefits another person

Question 13

Prosocial Personality Orientation

Answer 13

a measure of individual differences that identifies two sets of personality characteristics (other-oriented empathy, helpfulness) that are highly correlated with prosocial behavior

Question 14

Other-Oriented Empathy

Answer 14

a component of the prosocial personality orientation, describes individuals who have a strong sense of social responsibility, empathize with and feel emotionally tied to those in need, understand the problems the victim is experiencing, and have a heightened sense of moral obligations to be helpful

Question 15

Helpfulness

Answer 15

a component of the prosocial personality orientation, describes individuals who have been helpful in the past, because they believe they can be effective with the help they give, are more likely to be helpful in the future

Question 16

Kin Selection

Answer 16

according to evolutionary psychology, the favoritism shown for helping our blood relatives, with the goals of increasing the likelihood that some portion of our DNA will be passed on to future generations

Question 17

Reciprocal Altruism

Answer 17

according to evolutionary psychology, a genetic predisposition for people to help those who have previously helped them

Question 18

Negative State Relief Model

Answer 18

an egoistic theory proposed by Cialdini et al. (1982) that claims that people have learned through socialization that helping can serve as a secondary reinforcement that will relieve negative moods such as sadness

Question 19

Arousal - Cost Reward Model

Answer 19

An egoistic theory proposed by Piliavin et al. (1981) that claims that seeing a person in need leads to the arousal of unpleasant feelings, and observers are motivated to eliminate that aversive state, often by helping the victim. A cost-reward analysis may lead observers to react in ways other than offering direct assistance, including indirect help, reinterpretation of the situation, or fleeing the scene

Question 20

Egoism

Answer 20

a motivation for helping that has the improvement of the helper’s own circumstances as its primary goal

Question 21

Altruism

Answer 21

a motivation for helping that has the improvement of another’s welfare as its ultimate goal, with no explanation of any benefits for the helper

Question 22

Empathy-Altruism Model

Answer 22

an altruistic theory proposed by Batson (2011) that claims that people who put themselves in the shoes of a victim and imagining how the victim feel will experience empathic concern that evokes an altruistic motivation for helping

Question 23

Empathic Concern

Answer 23

according to Batson’s empathy-altruism hypothesis, observers who empathize with a person in need will experience empathic concern and have an altruistic motivation for helping

Question 24

Personal Distress

Answer 24

according to Batson’s empathy-altruism hypothesis, observers who take a detached view of a person in need will experience feelings of being “worried” and “upset” and will have an egoistic motivation for helping relieve that distress

Question 25

What is social influence?

Answer 25

how people are affected by the real and imagined pressures of others

Question 26

What is informational influence?

Answer 26

people conform because they believe others are correct

ambiguous situations, use external cues as information, influences internal beliefs

Question 27

What is private conformity?

Answer 27

person privately accepts the position taken by others

Question 28

What is normative influence?

Answer 28

people conform because they fear negative social consequences

clear-cut situations, external cue influence behavior, no change in internal beliefs

Question 29

What is public conformity?

Answer 29

a superficial change in overt behavior

Question 30

What was Sherif’s Ambiguous Autokinetic Effect experiment?

Answer 30

Sherif used an ambiguous task, so others provided a source of information and influenced the participant’s true opinions

informational influence and private acceptance

Question 31

What was Asch’s Simple Line Judgements experiment?

Answer 31

Asch used a task that required simple judgements of a clear stimulus, so most participants exhibited occasional public conformity in response to normative pressure but privately did not accept the group’s judgement

normative influence, public conformity

Question 32

What are injunctive norms?

Answer 32

norms that characterize the perception of what most people approve or disapprove

Question 33

What are descriptive norms?

Answer 33

norms derived from what other people do in any given situation

Question 34

What are some important factors that influence obedience?

Answer 34

physical presence and apparent legitimacy of the authority figure

the victim’s proximity

the experimental procedure

Question 35

What is the bystander effect?

Answer 35

the presence of others inhibits helping

Question 36

What is the first step of helping?

Answer 36

noticing

we must notice that there is a problem or emergency

if we do not notice that a person is having a problem, we cannot consider helping

distraction and self-concerns

Question 37

What is the second step of helping?

Answer 37

interpreting

is it an emergency

ambiguity, relationship between attacker and victim, behavior of others, pluralistic ignorance

Question 38

What is the third step of helping?

Answer 38

assuming responsibility

take responsibility for providing help

diffusion of responsibility (belief that others will or should intervene)

influenced by presence of others, anonymity, roles/profession

Question 39

What is the fourth step of helping?

Answer 39

decide how to help

now you have to decide how to help the person

competance

Question 40

What is the fifth step of helping?

Answer 40

help

even after passing all of the first four steps, help may not occur

audience inhibition, costs outweigh risks

Question 41

How do you get help in a crowd?

Answer 41

make sure that you make your need for help very clear by singling out individuals in a crowd via eye contact, pointing, direct requests