Block 4 (Part 1)

Question 1

Stereotypes

Answer 1

a belief that characterizes people based merely on their group membership

Question 2

Prejudice

Answer 2

an evaluation or emotion toward people merely based on their group membership

Question 3

Discrimination

Answer 3

behavior that advantages or disadvantages people merely based on their group membership

Question 4

Blatant Biases

Answer 4

conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, are mostly hostile, and openly favor their own group

Question 5

Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)

Answer 5

describes a belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and even good, to maintain order and stability

Question 6

Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA)

Answer 6

focuses on value conflicts but endorses respect for obedience and authority in the service of group conformity

Question 7

Subtle Biases

Answer 7

automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but real in their consequences

Question 8

Automatic

Answer 8

automatic biases are unintended, immediate, and iressistible

Question 9

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Answer 9

measures relatively automatic biases that favor own group relative to other groups

Question 10

Social Identity Theory

Answer 10

notes that people categorize each other into groups, favoring their own group

Question 11

Self-Categorization Theory

Answer 11

develops social identity theory’s point that people categorize themselves, along with each other into groups, favoring their own group

Question 12

Aversive Racism

Answer 12

is unexamined racial bias that the person does not intend and would reject, but that avoids inter-racial contact

Question 13

Model Minority

Answer 13

a minority group whose members are perceived as achieving a higher degree of socioeconomic success than the population average

Question 14

Stereotype Content Model

Answer 14

shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence

Question 15

What are attribution theories?

Answer 15

a group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior

Heider: explanations can be grouped into two categories; personal attributions and situational attributions

Question 16

What are personal attributions?

Answer 16

attribution to internal characteristics of the actor

their ability, personality, mood, or effort

Question 17

What are situational attributions?

Answer 17

attributes the events to factors external to the actor

the task, other people, luck

Question 18

What is Jones’s correspondent inference theory?

Answer 18

people try to infer from an action whether the act itself corresponds to an enduring personal characteristic of the actor

people make inferences on the basis of 3 factors: person’s degree of choice, expectedness of behavior, intended effects or consequences of someone’s behavior

Question 19

What does a person’s degree of choice affect others inferences?

Answer 19

behavior that is chosen is more indicative then that which is forced

Question 20

What does the expectedness of the behavior affect others inferences?

Answer 20

people think they know more about a person when they deviate from norms

Question 21

What do intended effects or consequences of someone’s behavior affect others inferences?

Answer 21

acts that produce a single desired outcome tell us more about a person’s motives

Question 22

What is the fundamental attribution error?

Answer 22

when we explain other people’s behavior we tend to: overestimate the role of personal factors and overlook the impact of the situation

Question 23

What is the support for the Two-Step Model?

Answer 23

people often form quick impressions based on a brief sample of behavior

more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error when one is cognitively busy or distracted

Heider: people see dispositions in behavior because of a perceptual bias

Taylor and Fiske (1975): seating arrangements of observers influenced evaluations of the actors

Question 24

What is one explanation of the primacy effect?

Answer 24

once we think we have formed an accurate impression of someone, we pay less attention to subsequent information

people differ in their need for closure

desire to reduce ambiguity

primacy effect less likely to occur for those who are lower in their need for closure

Question 25

What is the change in meaning hypothesis?

Answer 25

once we formed an impression, we start to interpret inconsistent information in light of that impression

the meaning of a trait can be malleable

Question 26

What is the perseverance of beliefs?

Answer 26

sticking to initial beliefs even after these beliefs have been discredited

even in the face of contradictory information, people will still maintain their beliefs especially is they sought out supporting information

Question 27

How is the conformity hypothesis tested?

Answer 27

tendency to seek information that supports our existing views

ask loaded questions to force people to give answers that support our hypotheses

do not occur when people are: not certain of their beliefs, concerned with accuracy, when allowed to prepare their own interviews

Question 28

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 28

the process by which perceiver’s expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations

Rosenthal and Jackson (1968): Pygmalion in the classroom

teacher’s expectations significantly predicted their student’s performance

Question 29

What is the relationship between culture and attribution?

Answer 29

cultures shape the kinds of attributions we make about people, their behavior and social situations

differences in situational vs. personal attributions

focus on focal individual or actor rather than the background or field

bicultural social perceivers

Question 30

What are stereotypes?

Answer 30

beliefs that associate a whole group of people with certain traits

Question 31

What is prejudice?

Answer 31

feelings about others because of their connection to a social group

Question 32

What is discrimination?

Answer 32

behaviors directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group

Question 33

What is the relationship between culture/cognition and stereotype formation?

Answer 33

affect how and when we will categorize people

factors include: family, media, socialization

Question 34

What is the relationship between social categorization and stereotype formation?

Answer 34

the classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes

save time and effort

leads us to: overestimate differences between groups, underestimate differences within groups

Question 35

What is the relationship between ingroups/outgroups and stereotype formation?

Answer 35

ingroups: groups you identify with
outgroups: groups you do not identify with

consequences: exaggerate differences, outgroup homogeneity effect

Question 36

Why are outgroups seen as homogenous?

Answer 36

little personal contact with them

do not encounter a representative sample

new neuroscience research examining this effect, showed more activity when faces were labelled as part of the ingroup

Question 37

What are illusory correlations?

Answer 37

overestimate of the association between variables that are slightly or not at all correlated

two processes:
overestimate the association between distinctive variables
overestimate the association between variables that they expect to go together

Question 38

How does the fundamental attribution error perpetuate stereotypes?

Answer 38

interpret stereotype consistent information as a result of internal causes

interpret stereotype inconsistent information as a result of external causes

Question 39

What is subtyping?

Answer 39

people will often create subgroups of the larger group to explain individuals who are discrepant with this stereotype

Question 40

What are contrast effects?

Answer 40

a tendency to perceive stimuli that differ from expectations as being even more different than they really are

Question 41

What are confirmation biases?

Answer 41

people often process information in a manner that will confirm our expectations

especially when behavior is ambiguous

people seek information that will confirm the stereotype

Question 42

How do self-fulfilling prophecies contribute to stereotypes?

Answer 42

our stereotypes can cause us to treat others in ways that encourage them to behave in a stereotypical manner