Block 4 (Part 1) Flashcards
(42 cards)
Stereotypes
a belief that characterizes people based merely on their group membership
Prejudice
an evaluation or emotion toward people merely based on their group membership
Discrimination
behavior that advantages or disadvantages people merely based on their group membership
Blatant Biases
conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, are mostly hostile, and openly favor their own group
Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)
describes a belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and even good, to maintain order and stability
Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA)
focuses on value conflicts but endorses respect for obedience and authority in the service of group conformity
Subtle Biases
automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but real in their consequences
Automatic
automatic biases are unintended, immediate, and iressistible
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
measures relatively automatic biases that favor own group relative to other groups
Social Identity Theory
notes that people categorize each other into groups, favoring their own group
Self-Categorization Theory
develops social identity theory’s point that people categorize themselves, along with each other into groups, favoring their own group
Aversive Racism
is unexamined racial bias that the person does not intend and would reject, but that avoids inter-racial contact
Model Minority
a minority group whose members are perceived as achieving a higher degree of socioeconomic success than the population average
Stereotype Content Model
shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence
What are attribution theories?
a group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior
Heider: explanations can be grouped into two categories; personal attributions and situational attributions
What are personal attributions?
attribution to internal characteristics of the actor
their ability, personality, mood, or effort
What are situational attributions?
attributes the events to factors external to the actor
the task, other people, luck
What is Jones’s correspondent inference theory?
people try to infer from an action whether the act itself corresponds to an enduring personal characteristic of the actor
people make inferences on the basis of 3 factors: person’s degree of choice, expectedness of behavior, intended effects or consequences of someone’s behavior
What does a person’s degree of choice affect others inferences?
behavior that is chosen is more indicative then that which is forced
What does the expectedness of the behavior affect others inferences?
people think they know more about a person when they deviate from norms
What do intended effects or consequences of someone’s behavior affect others inferences?
acts that produce a single desired outcome tell us more about a person’s motives
What is the fundamental attribution error?
when we explain other people’s behavior we tend to: overestimate the role of personal factors and overlook the impact of the situation
What is the support for the Two-Step Model?
people often form quick impressions based on a brief sample of behavior
more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error when one is cognitively busy or distracted
Heider: people see dispositions in behavior because of a perceptual bias
Taylor and Fiske (1975): seating arrangements of observers influenced evaluations of the actors
What is one explanation of the primacy effect?
once we think we have formed an accurate impression of someone, we pay less attention to subsequent information
people differ in their need for closure
desire to reduce ambiguity
primacy effect less likely to occur for those who are lower in their need for closure
