Block 1 (Part 1)

Question 1

Social Psychology

Answer 1

The branch of psychological science that is mainly concerned with understanding how the presence of others affects our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Question 2

Need to Belong

Answer 2

A strong natural impulse in humans to form social connections and to be accepted by others.

Question 3

Levels of Analysis

Answer 3

Complementary views for analyzing and understanding a phenomenon.

Question 4

Observational Learning

Answer 4

learning by observing the behavior of others

Question 5

Hypothesis

Answer 5

a possible explanation that can be tested through research

Question 6

Attraction

Answer 6

The psychological process of being sexually interested in another person. This can include, for example, physical attraction, first impressions, and dating rituals.

Question 7

Blind to the research hypothesis

Answer 7

When participants in research are not aware of what is being studied.

Question 8

Attitude

Answer 8

a way of thinking or feeling about a target that is often reflected in a person’s behaviour, examples of attitude targets are individuals, concepts, and groups

Question 9

Stereotyping

Answer 9

A mental process of using information shortcuts about a group to effectively navigate social situations or make decisions.

Question 10

Prejudice

Answer 10

an evaluation or emotion toward people based merely on their group membership

Question 11

Discrimination

Answer 11

behaviour that advantages or disadvantages people merely based on their group membership

Question 12

Stigmatized Group

Answer 12

A group that suffers from social disapproval based on some characteristic that sets them apart from the majority.

Question 13

Culture of Honor

Answer 13

A culture in which personal or family reputation is especially important.

Question 14

Research Confederate

Answer 14

a person working with a researcher, posing as a research participant or bystander

Question 15

Research Participant

Answer 15

A person being studied as part of a research program.

Question 16

Social Influence

Answer 16

when one person causes a change in attitude or behaviour in another person, whether intentionally or not

Question 17

Conformity

Answer 17

changing one’s attitude or behaviour to match a perceived social norm

Question 18

Obedience

Answer 18

Responding to an order or command from a person in a position of authority.

Question 19

Reciprocity

Answer 19

The act of exchanging goods or services. By giving a person a gift, the principle of reciprocity can be used to influence others; they then feel obligated to give back.

Question 20

Social Cognition

Answer 20

The way people process and apply information about others.

Question 21

Social Attribution

Answer 21

The way a person explains the motives or behaviors of others.

Question 22

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 22

The tendency to emphasize another person’s personality traits when describing that person’s motives and behaviors and overlooking the influence of situational factors.

Question 23

How is social psychology scientific?

Answer 23

applies the scientific method of systematic observation, measurement, and description to the human condition

Question 24

How does social psychology focus on the individual?

Answer 24

Even in groups, emphasize the individual. Emphasis on social nature of individuals, but sometimes examine non-social factors that influence a person

Question 25

What are the differences between Social Psychology and Sociology?

Answer 25

Sociology tends to focus on the group, not the individual. Social psych is more likely to involve experiments. Main differences are level of analysis and methodology.

Question 26

What are the similarities between Social Psychology and Sociology?

Answer 26

violence, prejudice, cultural differences, overall very similar

Question 27

What are the differences between Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology?

Answer 27

Social psych does not focus on disorders

Question 28

What are the similarities between Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology?

Answer 28

study bullying, depression, and self esteem

Question 29

What are the differences between Social Psychology and Personality Psychology?

Answer 29

Personality Psych is more concerned with cross-situational consistency and stability

Question 30

What are the similarities between Social Psychology and Personality Psychology?

Answer 30

Both are concerned with individuals feelings and behaviours

Question 31

What is the interactionist perspective?

Answer 31

interested in both individual differences and the effects of situational factors

Question 32

What is the relationship between Social Psychology and Common Sense?

Answer 32

The "knew-it-all-along" phenomenon. Common sense seems to explain many social psychological findings after the fact. But unlike common sense, social psychology uses the scientific method to put it's theories to the test.

Question 33

What is the main difference between research and experience?

Answer 33

The most important reason not to base beliefs solely on personal experience is that when we do so, we usually do not take a comparison group into account

Question 34

What is a comparison group?

Answer 34

See what would happen both with and without the thing you're interested in

Question 35

How are experiences confounded?

Answer 35

a confound occurs when you think one thing caused an outcome but in fact other things changed too, so it is not clear what the cause really was

Question 36

What are solutions to confounding variables?

Answer 36

In the real world, it is hard to isolate variables. In a research setting, scientists can use careful controls to be sure they are changing only one factor at a time

Question 37

Why do personal experiences sometimes contradict research?

Answer 37

Influences are not expected to explain all cases all the time. Conclusions of research are meant to explain a certain proportion of the possible cases. Scientific conclusions are based on patterns that emerge only when researchers set up comparison groups and test many people.

Question 38

What is the relationship between research and your intuition?

Answer 38

People think that intuition is a good source of information, but intuition can lead us to make less effective decisions, because we are biased. We might be biased without thinking, or recognize bias but do nothing about it

Question 39

What are the two categories of biases of intuition?

Answer 39

thinking the easy way and thinking what we want to think

Question 40

What is the bias of thinking the easy way?

Answer 40

Accepting the "good story" or the conclusion that "makes sense"

Question 41

What is the present/present bias?

Answer 41

Need to notice the absence of something, easier to notice something is present

Question 42

What is the pop-up principle?

Answer 42

The availability heuristic, things that easily come to mind guide our thinking

Question 43

What is the bias of thinking what we want to think?

Answer 43

"cherry-picking" the evidence, confidence is not evidence, we want to think we are right

Question 44

What is a theory?

Answer 44

an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain observed phenomena, evaluated on simplicity, comprehensiveness and generativity

Question 45

What are conceptual variables?

Answer 45

Things such as prejudice, conformity, attraction, love, group pressure, social anxiety, typically thought of in abstract general terms

Question 46

What is an operational definition?

Answer 46

The specific procedures for manipulating or measuring a conceptual variable

Question 47

What are self reports?

Answer 47

participants disclose their thoughts, feelings, desires, and actions

Question 48

What are the problems with self-reports?

Answer 48

Accuracy (desire to look good), wording and order (way questions are asked), memory problems (prone to remember experience wrong)

Question 49

What are Observer Effects?

Answer 49

Changing behavior (reacting) because someone is watching. Occurs not only with human participants but also with other animals. Computer generated face had the same effects as a real person would.

Question 50

What are solutions to minimize observer effects?

Answer 50

Makes= unobtrusive observations, wait it out, or use unobtrusive data