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PSYCH 241 > Block 1 (Part 2) > Flashcards

Block 1 (Part 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Facilitation

A

when performance on simple or well-rehearsed tasks is enhanced when we are in the presence of others

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2
Q

Anecdotal Evidence

A

an argument that is based on personal experience and not considered reliable or representative

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3
Q

Scientific Method

A

a method of investigation that includes systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and then the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses

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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

a logical idea that can be tested

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5
Q

Operationalize

A

how researchers specifically measure a concept

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6
Q

Independent Variable

A

the variable the researcher manipulates and controls in an experiment

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7
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the variable the researcher measures but does not manipulate in an experiment

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8
Q

Laboratory Experiments

A

a setting in which the researcher can carefully control situations and manipulate variables

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9
Q

Complex Experimental Designs

A

an experiment with two or more independent variables

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10
Q

Social Neuroscience

A

an interdisciplinary field concerned with identifying the neural process underlying social behavior and cognition

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11
Q

Participant Variable

A

the individual characteristics of research subjects; age, personality, health, intelligence, etc.

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12
Q

Cover Story

A

a fake description of the purpose and/or procedure of a study, used when deception is necessary in order to answer a research question

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13
Q

Confederate

A

an actor working with the researcher, most often this individual is used to deceive unsuspecting research participants, also known as a “stooge”

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14
Q

Field Experiment

A

an experiment that occurs outside of the lab and in a real world situation

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15
Q

Random Assignment

A

assigning participants to receive different conditions of an experiment by chance

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16
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

unobtrusively watching people as they go about the business of living their lives

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17
Q

“Basking in Reflected Glory”

A

the tendency for people to associate themselves with successful people or groups

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18
Q

Experience Sampling Methods

A

systematic ways of having participants provide samples of their ongoing behavior, participants reports are dependent (contingent) upon either a signal, pre-established intervals, or the occurrence of some event

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19
Q

Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR)

A

a methodology where participants wear a small, portable audio recorder that intermittently records snippets of ambient sounds around them

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20
Q

Survey Research

A

a method of research that involves administering a questionnaire to respondents in person, by telephone, through the mail, or over the internet

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21
Q

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A

a computer-based categorization task that measures the strength of association between specific concepts over several trals

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22
Q

Terror Management Theory

A

a theory that proposes that humans manage the anxiety that stems from the inevitability of death by embracing frameworks of meaning such as cultural values and beliefs

23
Q

Manipulation Check

A

a measure used to determine whether or not the manipulation of the independent variable has had it’s intended effect on the participants

24
Q

Social or Behavioral Priming

A

a field of research that investigates how the activation of one social concept in memory can elicit changes in behavior, physiology, or self-reports of a related social concept without conscious awareness

25
Q

Archival Research

A

a type of research in which the researcher analyzes records or archives instead of collecting data from live human participants

26
Q

Correlational Research

A

a type of descriptive research that involves measuring the association between two variables, or how they go together

27
Q

Ecological Validity

A

the degree to which a study finding has been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday life

28
Q

Big Data

A

analysis of large data set

29
Q

Samples of Convenience

A

participants that have been recruited in a manner that prioritizes convenience over representativeness

30
Q

WEIRD cultures

A

cultures that are western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

31
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

subtle cues that make participants aware of what the experimenter expects to find or how participants are expected to behave

32
Q

Descriptive Research

A

describes thoughts, feelings and behaviors

33
Q

Observational Studies

A

observe people in their natural environment to observe their true behavior

34
Q

Archival Studies

A

examining pre-existing data, limited by records, but don’t have to worry about influence

35
Q

Surveys

A

people report their own beliefs, some data can only be observed through surveys

36
Q

Random Sampling

A

selecting participants in such a way that everyone in a population has an equal chance of being included

results in a representative sample

37
Q

Correlational Research

A

measures the association (relationship) between variables

38
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

an index of the strength and direction of association

39
Q

Experiments

A

examine cause-and-effect relationships

researcher has control over the experimental procedures by manipulating the variable of interest while ensuring uniformity elsewhere

participants are randomly assigned to different treatment conditions

40
Q

What does random sampling involve?

A

selecting participants to be in the study so that everyone from a population has an equal chance of being a participant in the study

41
Q

What’s the biggest advantage of using random sampling?

A

enables researchers to collect data from samples that are representative of the broader population, important for being able to generalize the results to the broader population

42
Q

What does random assignment involve?

A

assigning participants (who are already in the study) to the various conditions of the experiment so that each participant has an equal chance of being in any of the conditions

43
Q

What’s the biggest advantage of using random assignment?

A

equalizes the conditions of the experiment so that it is very unlikely that the conditions differ in terms of pre-existing differences among the participants, essential to determine that the independent variable(s) caused an effect on the dependent variable(s)

44
Q

Subject Variables

A

pre existing differences among the subjects or participants

neither independent or dependent

often included in experiments along with independent variables

45
Q

What are the comparisons between experimental and correlational methods?

A

both methods attempt to assess a relationship

the statistics used are interchangeable (t-test can be converted to correlational coefficient)

in an experiment the presumably causal variable is manipulated, but in the correlational method the same variable is measured

conclusion that the experimental method is obviously superior is wrong

the two designs serve different goals

46
Q

What are some complications for the experimental method?

A

what exactly are you manipulating? (might accidently manipulate more than intended)

levels of the variable may be unlikely/impossible in real life

may not be possible

47
Q

Generalizability

A

the extent to which the participants and settings in a study represent the populations and contexts they are intended to represent

48
Q

External Validity

A

a measure of how well the results of a study generalize to, or represent, individuals or contexts besides those in the study itself

49
Q

Mundane Realism

A

extent to which a research setting resembles real-world setting of interest

50
Q

Experimental Realism

A

how much research settings are real and involved for the participant, regardless of real-life

51
Q

Internal Validity

A

the ability to rule out alternative explanations for a casual relationship between variables

when researchers manipulate a variable, they can control for alternative explanations

52
Q

What are some threats to internal validity?

A

design confound: a second variable that happens to vary systematically along with the independent variable and therefore is an alternative explanation for the results

experimenter expectancy effects: may treat participants differently depending on groups

demand characteristics

selection effects: can occur when experimenters let participants choose what group they want to be in

53
Q

What are sex differences?

A

some differences are real, but quite small

the range of behavior and opinions among members of a given sex is always huge compared to the average difference between the sexes

the overlap in behavior and opinions is so large that many members of one sex will always score higher than the average member of the other sex

PSYCH 241 (12 decks)

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