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block 6 Anna > block 6 lecture 4 CNS biochemistry > Flashcards

block 6 lecture 4 CNS biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what are some examples of types of neurotransmitterS?

A

amino acids

gasses

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2
Q

example of small molecule neurotransmitter?

A

acetylecholine, glutamate

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3
Q

feature of small molecule neurotransmitter?

A

rapid

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4
Q

what are larger neurotransmitetrs called?

A

neuropeptides

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5
Q

features of neuropeptides?

A

neuromodulators and slower crossing the synapse

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6
Q

what protein does the microtubule system use to transport the enzyme to the axon nerve terminal?

A

kinesthin

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7
Q

what are the major classes of neurotransmitter?

A

biogenic amines, amine acids, gasses, neuropeptides

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8
Q

what do co-transmitters give rise to?

A

versatility to neurotransmission

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9
Q

what does low frequency stimulation of neurons produce?

A

release of small vesicles

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10
Q

what does high frequency stimulation of neurons produce?

A

release of small and large vesicles

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11
Q

what are in small clear core vesicles?

A

low molecular weight neurotransmitters

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12
Q

what are in dense core vesicles?

A

bioamines and neuropeptides

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13
Q

what are the criteria for a neurotransmitter?

A

must be in neuron, must produce response in target cell, same response must be produced when chemicals are experimented with, must be a mechanism of removal, specific receptore must be present on post synaptic cell

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14
Q

how can you identify neurotransmitters?

A

immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridisation, microiontophanesis, radio-ligand binding, alpha bungaro toxin, atrope belladonna

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15
Q

what are the types of receptors?

A

ionotropic receptors and metapotropic receptors

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16
Q

what are ionotropic recptors?

A

must encorporate an ion channel

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17
Q

whata re metabotropic receptors?

A

act via receptor coupled to an intrecellular intermediate

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18
Q

structure of acetylecholine involves?

A

amine

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19
Q

where would you find acetylecholine?

A

PNS
neuromuscular junction
autonomic ganglia

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20
Q

in the CNS what is acetlycholine involved in?

A

learning, memory, sleep, arousal, aggression, biorhythms, thermo regulation and sexual behaviour

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21
Q

in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system where is acetylecholine used?

A

pre ganglionic neurons

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22
Q

what is altzhiemers because of?

A

loss of cholinergic fibers

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23
Q

where do projections go from the pons?

A

basal forbrian, thalamus and neocortex

24
Q

what neurons is acetylecholine found in?

A

hippo campus and cerebral cortex

25
Q

what are cholinergic neurons also important for?

A

keeping us awake

26
Q

where do you get choline from?

A

diet

27
Q

how is acetylcholine produced?

A

choline and acetyl CoA are combined to form acetylecholine

28
Q

what is the enzyme called in the formation of acetylecholine?

A

choline acetate transferase

29
Q

what is the mainbreak down enzyme of acetylecholine?

A

acetylecholine esterase

30
Q

what is the other breakdown enzyme of acetylecholine?

A

pseudocholine esterase

31
Q

what does acetylecholine esterase do?

A

hydrolyses acetylecholine into choline and acetic acid in the synaptic cleft

32
Q

how can choline be removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

taken up by presynaptic neuron by transporter mechanisms using sodium

33
Q

how does neostigmine, physiostigmine and donepizil work?

A

inhibits acetylecholine esterase

34
Q

what can neostigmine, physiostigmine and donepizil be used for?

A

myasthenia gravis, glaucoma and smooth muscle dysfunction

35
Q

what are the two types of nicotinic receptors?

A

nicotonim Nn

nicotinic Nm

36
Q

where do you find nicotinic Nn?

A

post ganglionic neurons

37
Q

where do you find nicotinic Nm?

A

skeletal muscle end plates

38
Q

where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

in peripheral tissues

39
Q

what is glutamate?

A

excitatory neurotransmitter, amino acid

40
Q

what forms glutamate?

A

glutamine is converted to glutamate

41
Q

what is the enzyme involved in glutamate synthesis?

A

glutaminase

42
Q

how is glutamate removed?

A

transporters on the presynaptic membrane

nearby glial cells

43
Q

what do glial cells do to glutamate?

A

convert it to glutamine by glutamine synthase

44
Q

what are the three types of glutamine receptor?

A

AMDA
NMDO
kainate

45
Q

which glutamate receptor is related to epilepsy?

A

NMDA

46
Q

what are most inhibitory neurons in the CNS?

A

GABA

glycine

47
Q

what is involved in the production of GABA?

A

glutamate is converted to GABA by glutamic acid decarboxylase

48
Q

what are the two types of GABA receptors?

A

GABAa and GABAb

49
Q

what are GABAa receptors?

A

ionotropic

50
Q

what are GABAb receptors?

A

metaprotropic

51
Q

what is the structure of GABAa structure?

A

5 subunits

52
Q

how does diazapam work?

A

interacts with GABA receptor to increase the influx of chloride ions into the neuron

53
Q

how does GABA work at GABAa receptors?

A

binds and opens the channel, allowing an influx of chloride ions which hyperpolarises the membrane potential making it more negative and so neurons are inhibited

54
Q

what type of drug is diazapam?

A

anxiolytic

55
Q

what is stiff persons syndrome?

A

antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase resulting in a state of rigidity

56
Q

what happens in epilepsy?

A

uncontrolled stimulation of the brain

block 6 Anna (8 decks)

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