block 6 lecture 4 CNS biochemistry

Question 1

what are some examples of types of neurotransmitterS?

Answer 1

amino acids

gasses

Question 2

example of small molecule neurotransmitter?

Answer 2

acetylecholine, glutamate

Question 3

feature of small molecule neurotransmitter?

Answer 3

rapid

Question 4

what are larger neurotransmitetrs called?

Answer 4

neuropeptides

Question 5

features of neuropeptides?

Answer 5

neuromodulators and slower crossing the synapse

Question 6

what protein does the microtubule system use to transport the enzyme to the axon nerve terminal?

Answer 6

kinesthin

Question 7

what are the major classes of neurotransmitter?

Answer 7

biogenic amines, amine acids, gasses, neuropeptides

Question 8

what do co-transmitters give rise to?

Answer 8

versatility to neurotransmission

Question 9

what does low frequency stimulation of neurons produce?

Answer 9

release of small vesicles

Question 10

what does high frequency stimulation of neurons produce?

Answer 10

release of small and large vesicles

Question 11

what are in small clear core vesicles?

Answer 11

low molecular weight neurotransmitters

Question 12

what are in dense core vesicles?

Answer 12

bioamines and neuropeptides

Question 13

what are the criteria for a neurotransmitter?

Answer 13

must be in neuron, must produce response in target cell, same response must be produced when chemicals are experimented with, must be a mechanism of removal, specific receptore must be present on post synaptic cell

Question 14

how can you identify neurotransmitters?

Answer 14

immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridisation, microiontophanesis, radio-ligand binding, alpha bungaro toxin, atrope belladonna

Question 15

what are the types of receptors?

Answer 15

ionotropic receptors and metapotropic receptors

Question 16

what are ionotropic recptors?

Answer 16

must encorporate an ion channel

Question 17

whata re metabotropic receptors?

Answer 17

act via receptor coupled to an intrecellular intermediate

Question 18

structure of acetylecholine involves?

Answer 18

amine

Question 19

where would you find acetylecholine?

Answer 19

PNS
neuromuscular junction
autonomic ganglia

Question 20

in the CNS what is acetlycholine involved in?

Answer 20

learning, memory, sleep, arousal, aggression, biorhythms, thermo regulation and sexual behaviour

Question 21

in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system where is acetylecholine used?

Answer 21

pre ganglionic neurons

Question 22

what is altzhiemers because of?

Answer 22

loss of cholinergic fibers

Question 23

where do projections go from the pons?

Answer 23

basal forbrian, thalamus and neocortex

Question 24

what neurons is acetylecholine found in?

Answer 24

hippo campus and cerebral cortex

Question 25

what are cholinergic neurons also important for?

Answer 25

keeping us awake

Question 26

where do you get choline from?

Answer 26

diet

Question 27

how is acetylcholine produced?

Answer 27

choline and acetyl CoA are combined to form acetylecholine

Question 28

what is the enzyme called in the formation of acetylecholine?

Answer 28

choline acetate transferase

Question 29

what is the mainbreak down enzyme of acetylecholine?

Answer 29

acetylecholine esterase

Question 30

what is the other breakdown enzyme of acetylecholine?

Answer 30

pseudocholine esterase

Question 31

what does acetylecholine esterase do?

Answer 31

hydrolyses acetylecholine into choline and acetic acid in the synaptic cleft

Question 32

how can choline be removed from the synaptic cleft?

Answer 32

taken up by presynaptic neuron by transporter mechanisms using sodium

Question 33

how does neostigmine, physiostigmine and donepizil work?

Answer 33

inhibits acetylecholine esterase

Question 34

what can neostigmine, physiostigmine and donepizil be used for?

Answer 34

myasthenia gravis, glaucoma and smooth muscle dysfunction

Question 35

what are the two types of nicotinic receptors?

Answer 35

nicotonim Nn | nicotinic Nm

Question 36

where do you find nicotinic Nn?

Answer 36

post ganglionic neurons

Question 37

where do you find nicotinic Nm?

Answer 37

skeletal muscle end plates

Question 38

where are muscarinic receptors found?

Answer 38

in peripheral tissues

Question 39

what is glutamate?

Answer 39

excitatory neurotransmitter, amino acid

Question 40

what forms glutamate?

Answer 40

glutamine is converted to glutamate

Question 41

what is the enzyme involved in glutamate synthesis?

Answer 41

glutaminase

Question 42

how is glutamate removed?

Answer 42

transporters on the presynaptic membrane | nearby glial cells

Question 43

what do glial cells do to glutamate?

Answer 43

convert it to glutamine by glutamine synthase

Question 44

what are the three types of glutamine receptor?

Answer 44

AMDA NMDO kainate

Question 45

which glutamate receptor is related to epilepsy?

Answer 45

NMDA

Question 46

what are most inhibitory neurons in the CNS?

Answer 46

GABA | glycine

Question 47

what is involved in the production of GABA?

Answer 47

glutamate is converted to GABA by glutamic acid decarboxylase

Question 48

what are the two types of GABA receptors?

Answer 48

GABAa and GABAb

Question 49

what are GABAa receptors?

Answer 49

ionotropic

Question 50

what are GABAb receptors?

Answer 50

metaprotropic

Question 51

what is the structure of GABAa structure?

Answer 51

5 subunits

Question 52

how does diazapam work?

Answer 52

interacts with GABA receptor to increase the influx of chloride ions into the neuron

Question 53

how does GABA work at GABAa receptors?

Answer 53

binds and opens the channel, allowing an influx of chloride ions which hyperpolarises the membrane potential making it more negative and so neurons are inhibited

Question 54

what type of drug is diazapam?

Answer 54

anxiolytic

Question 55

what is stiff persons syndrome?

Answer 55

antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase resulting in a state of rigidity

Question 56

what happens in epilepsy?

Answer 56

uncontrolled stimulation of the brain