Block 4 - Skull

Question 1

skull is composed of

Answer 1

22 bones

Question 2

bones form two parts

Answer 2

neurocranium and facial skeleton

Question 3

what is the calvaria

Answer 3

skullcap-roof of cranium - frontal/occipital/parietal bone

Question 4

what is the basicranium

Answer 4

floor of cranium - comprises of occiptal/sphenoid/temporal (petrous portion) / vomer / palatine / and portion of the maxillae

Question 5

how many cranial bones are there

Answer 5

frontal / parietal (2) / temporal (2) / occipital / sphenoid / ethmoid

Question 6

temporal bones contain what foramen / fossa

Answer 6

sytlomastoid foramen (CN VII) / mandibular fossa (TMJ) / petrous portion (CNVIII)

Question 7

the carotid foramen and jugular exist in what bones

Answer 7

temporal

Question 8

the foramen magnum is found where?

Answer 8

occipital

Question 9

the external occipital protuberance is the attachment for

Answer 9

the ligamentum nuchae

Question 10

what bone is considered the “keystone” bone because it articulates with ALL cranial bones?

Answer 10

the sphenoid bone

Question 11

what are the attachment sites for the jaw muscles

Answer 11

pterygoid

Question 12

the optic foramen transmits what nerve and artery?

Answer 12

optic nerve (CNII) and opthalmic artery

Question 13

what is the passageway for the oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, and opthalmic nerves (CN III, IV, VI, (V1))

Answer 13

superior orbital fissure

Question 14

where does the maxillary branch (CN V2) pass through?

Answer 14

the foramen rotundum

Question 15

What transmits the mandibular nerve (CN V3)

Answer 15

foramen ovale

Question 16

What are the trigeminal nerve foramina?

Answer 16

Standing Room Only -
superior orbital fissure (v1)
foramen rotundum (v2)
foramen ovale (v3)

Question 17

what are the three parts of the sella turcica

Answer 17

tuberculum sellae / hypophyseal fossa / dorsum sellae

Question 18

what is the major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity

Answer 18

ethmoid

Question 19

the crista galli attach to what?

Answer 19

the falx cerebri

Question 20

what foramina and nerve exist in the ethmoid bone

Answer 20

olfactory foramina / olfactory nerve (CNI)

Question 21

lateral masses of the ethmoid bone contain?

Answer 21

ethmoid sinuses

Question 22

what is the upper part of the nasal septum

Answer 22

ethmoid

Question 23

superior conchae participates in ?

Answer 23

olfactory receptors/senses (filters and warms air)

Question 24

what is the term for the teeth sockets

Answer 24

alveoli

Question 25

what houses the lacrimal sac

Answer 25

lacrimal fossa

Question 26

what is the "turbinate"

Answer 26

inferior nasal concha (not part of ethmoid)

Question 27

which nasal conchae participates in sense of smell

Answer 27

superior nasal conchae are only involved

Question 28

what transits through the mandibular foramen

Answer 28

the inferior alveolar nerve

Question 29

what branch is the 3rd branch of the trigeminal branch and has the inferior alveolar branch?

Answer 29

the mandibular nerve

Question 30

the palatine has a posterior and anterior part that includes

Answer 30

hard palate and part of orbit

Question 31

what forms the nasal septum

Answer 31

vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, septal cartilage

Question 32

what are the five foramina that are associated with each orbit

Answer 32

``` optic foramen superior orbital fissure inferior orbital fissure supraorbital foramen lacrimal fossa ```

Question 33

what are the four main sutures of the skull

Answer 33

coronal / sagittal / lambdoidal / squamous

Question 34

what are the major fontanels

Answer 34

anterior / posterior / anterolaterals / posterolaterals

Question 35

what are the functions of fontanels

Answer 35

- enable skull to modify shape thru the birth canal | - accomadate rapid brain growth during infancy

Question 36

what are paranasal sinuses and which cranial bones contain them?

Answer 36

cavities in bones that communicate with nasal cavity; frontal / sphenoid / ethmoid / maxillae

Question 37

what are the muscles of mastication what nerve is involved?

Answer 37

masseter / temporalis / pterygoids (lateral and medial) CN V3 (mandibular branch)

Question 38

what is the action of the lateral pterygoid

Answer 38

protracts and depresses the mandible (opens jaw)

Question 39

what is the action of the medial pterygoid

Answer 39

elevates and protracts the mandible

Question 40

together the lateral and medial pterygoid have what action?

Answer 40

move jaw side to side to grind food

Question 41

4 extrinsic mm arise elsewhere but into the tongue which makes intubation necessary during anesthesia to ensure the tongue doesn't move posteriorly and block the airway

Answer 41

genioglossus, syloglossus, palatoglossus, hyoglossus genioglossus

Question 42

all the muscles of expression are innervated by

Answer 42

CN VII

Question 43

what are the 5 branches of the CN VII

Answer 43

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical

Question 44

where do the terminal branches of the CN VII arise from?

Answer 44

the parotid plexus within the parotid gland

Question 45

what is the role of the buccinator

Answer 45

forms muscular portion of the cheek and assists in whistling, blowing, sucking and chewing

Question 46

what is the role of the levator palpebrae superioris

Answer 46

opens the eye

Question 47

action of the occipitofrontalis

Answer 47

elevates eyebrows of forehead (surprise) | innervated by temporal branch

Question 48

action of the zygomatic major and minor

Answer 48

major: draws angle of mouth superiorly and laterally (smile) minor: elevates upper lip exposing MAXILLARY teeth (snarl) innverated by zygomatic and buccal branch

Question 49

action of levator labii superioris

Answer 49

raises upper lips | innervated by zygomatic branch

Question 50

action of depressor labii inferioris

Answer 50

depresses lower lip | innervated by mandibular branched

Question 51

action of depressor anguli oris

Answer 51

draws angle of mouth laterally and inferiorly | innervated by marginal mandibular branch

Question 52

action of orbicularis oris

Answer 52

closes and protrudes lips, compresses lips against teeth, shapes lips during speech innervated by buccal branch

Question 53

action of risorius

Answer 53

draws angles of the mouth laterally (grimacing); | innervated by buccal branch

Question 54

action of mentalis

Answer 54

elevates and protrudes the lower lip and pulls up skin of chin, as in pouting innervated by marginal mandibular branch

Question 55

action of the platysma

Answer 55

draws outer part of the lower liup inferiorly and posteriorly as in pouting, depress mandible innervated by the cervical branch

Question 56

action of the orbicularis oculi

Answer 56

closes and squints eyes, depresses upper eyelid, and elevates lower eyelid innervated by temporal and zygomatic branch

Question 57

action of the corrugator supercilii

Answer 57

draws eyebrow inferiorly/medially - wrinkles skin of forehead vertically as in frowning innvervated by temporal branch

Question 58

dermatomes: face? C2? C3?

Answer 58

CNV occipital protuberance gentleman's collar

Question 59

what are the layers of the scalp

Answer 59

SCALP: skin, (subcutaneous) connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue (danger space of loose areolar connective tissue), pericranium

Question 60

what layers of the scalp move as a unit?

Answer 60

the first three layers (skin/connective tissue/aponeurosis

Question 61

what forms the external periosteum of the calvaria and is made up of dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 61

pericranium