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A&P I > Block 4 - Cerebrum / Homeostatis > Flashcards

Block 4 - Cerebrum / Homeostatis Flashcards

1
Q

folds of the brain

shallow grooves between the folds

A

gyrus

sulcus

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2
Q

deeper grooves between gyri

A

fissures

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3
Q

how do hemispheres communicate

A

a commissure called corpus callosum

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4
Q

largest fiber portion in the brain that aids in communication

A

corpus callosum

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5
Q

four lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

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6
Q

what does the central sulcus do

A

separates frontal from parietal

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7
Q

what does lateral cerebral sulcus do

A

separate frontal and temporal

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8
Q

what separates the parietal and occipital lobes

A

parieto-occipital

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9
Q

tracts of cerebral white matter

A

association, commissural, projection tracts

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10
Q

describe associate tracts

A

myelinated axons conduct impulses within gyri in the same hemisphere

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11
Q

describe commissural tracts

A

myelinated axons that conduct impulses from one gyri to another in a separate hemisphere (corpus callosum)

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12
Q

describe projection tracts

A

impulses sent from cerebrum to lower parts of CNS or vice versa (two way); internal capsule is an example

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13
Q

groups of commissural tracts

A

corpus callosum / anterior commissure / posterior commissure

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14
Q

what comprises a “basal ganglia”

A 
three nuclei deep in cerebral hemisphere
lentiform nucleus / corpus striatum
1. globus pallidus
2. putamen
3. caudate nucleus
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15
Q

what is lentiform nucleus

A

globus pallidus / putamen of the basal ganglia

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16
Q

what is corpus striatum

A

globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus

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17
Q

thick band of white matter lateral to the thalamus that separates the caudate nucleus and thalamus from the lentiform nucleus

A

internal capsule

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18
Q

role of basal ganglia

A

regulate initiation/termination of movements and control unconscious contractions and muscle tone

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19
Q

describe parkinsons

A

melanin-pigmented dopamine-producing neurons of the basal ganglia degenerates

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20
Q

huntingtons disease

A

damage of corpus striatum

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21
Q

effect of damage to the basal ganglia

A

uncontrollable shaking, muscular rigidity, involuntary movements

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22
Q

basal ganglia found in persons with…

A

obsessive compulsive disorder; ADHD

23
Q

primary role and location of limbic system

A

emotions; cerebral structures encircle the upper part of the brain stem

24
Q

hippocampus role

A

converting new information into long-term memories

25
Q

amygdala (amygdaloid nuclei) role

A

behavioral patterns of docility, rage, fear/aggression, restlessness

26
Q

olfactory bulbs role

A

synapse with olfactory receptors; mammillary bodies are olfactory relay stations

27
Q

cingulate gyrus location and role

A

superior corpus callosum; coordinates sensory input and emotion formation/processiing, learning, memory

28
Q

band of nerve fibers extending from hippocampus to mammillary body to the hypothalamus-forms arch over thalamus

A

fornix

29
Q

role of fornix

A

carries signals from hippocampus to the hypothalamus; transfer of info from mammillary bodies to hippocampus

30
Q

what portion of the brain is critical for formation of fact memories

A

hippocampus

31
Q

what can hippocampus damage result in?

A

anterograde amnesia-loss of ability to form new memories

32
Q

role of cerebral coretex

A

communication, perception, memory, understanding, etc. and voluntary movement. “seat of consciousness”

33
Q

what is the structurally significant about cerebral coretex

A

ONLY gray matter-neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons plus glia, blood

NO FIBER TRACTS

34
Q

each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with what

A

sensory/motor function of contralateral side of body

35
Q

three types of brain “areas”

A

sensory / motor / associated

36
Q

describe three types of brain areas

A

sensory: no prior filtering/analysis
motor: originate voluntary movements
associated: (cortical areas) interpret for meaningful recognition and awareness

37
Q

describe brodmann areas

A

subtle changes in thickness of cerebral cortex; mapped 52 different cortical areas

38
Q

areas of Broca’s speech area

A

area 44/45; planning-production of speech

39
Q

where do nerve impulses for Broca’s speech area travel

A

pass to premotor regions that control muscles of larynx, pharynx, and mouth

40
Q

describe wernicke’s area

A

area 22, possibly 39/40; broad region of temporal and parietal lobes; interprets meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words

41
Q

what is aphasia

A

inability to use/comprehend words

42
Q

which side of brain contains language areas

A

left cerebral hemisphere of most people

43
Q

what does damage to Broca’s speech area cause

A

non-fluent aphasia

44
Q

what does damage to Wernicke’s area cause

A

fluent aphasia

45
Q

left hemisphere is associated in what

A

control over language abilities, mathematical abilities, logic

46
Q

right hemisphere is associated in

A

spatial skills, intuition, emotion, appreciation of art/music

47
Q

function asymmetry is termed

A

hemispheric lateralization

48
Q

alzheimer is defined as

A

disabling senile dementia

49
Q

progression of alzheimers

A

initial problem with memory; confusion-gets lost; disorientation grows/memories disappear; motor movement; death

50
Q

alzheimer autopsy findings

A

loss of neurons of nucleus basale (liberates ACh); beta-amyloid plaques (proteins outside neurons); neurofibrillary tangles (bundles of protein filaments inside neurons)

51
Q

concussion

contusion

A

temporary loss of consciousness

bruising of brain-associated with concussion

52
Q 
define:
free radicals
hematoma
hypoxia
ischemia
laceration
necrosis
cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
A 
freely moving charged molecules
pooled blood
oxygen deprivation
reduction of blood flow
tear of brain
death of tissue
loss of brain function from destruction of brain tissue (commonly caused by intracerebral hemorrhage)
53
Q 
define:
transient ischemic attack
brain tumor
ADHD
agnosia
apraxia
lethargy
reyes syndrome 
stupor
A

episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction (impaired blood flow to brain)
abnormal tissue growth of brain
learning disorder
inability to recognize significant in sensory stimuli
inability to carry out purposeful movements in absence of paralysis
condition of functionally sluggishness
potentially fatal syndrome (effects brain/liver) occurs after viral infection-children/teens who’ve taken aspirin
unresponsiveness from which a patient can be aroused only briefly-vigorous stimulation

A&P I (9 decks)

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