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A&P I > Block 1 - Cells > Flashcards

Block 1 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

All eukaryotic cells possess these three structures?

A

Plasma membrane (plasmalemma); cytoplasm: a gelatin-like substance plus the structural fibers and organelles; nucleus: contains genetic library of the cell

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2
Q

The plasma membrane is considered what type of barrier?

The plasma membrane plays a role in what type of communication?

A

selectively permeable barrier

cellular communication

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3
Q

Within the cytoplasms, organelles are subcellular structures that are embedded in what?

A

cytosol

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4
Q

What large cellular organelle contains DNA within chromosomes?

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

What portion of the cell is fluid but relatively stable and made up of a phospholipid bilayer with associated integral and peripheral proteins?

A

plasma membrane

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6
Q

The arrangement of molecules within the plasma membrane is referred to what term?

A

the Fluid Mosiac Model

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7
Q

A “fluid” plasma membrane provides and allows for:
A. ______________
B. ______________

A

cell movement, growth, division, etc.

self-sealing if torn or punctured

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8
Q

A lipid membrane allows for what type of substances to pass through the membrane?

What is a lipid membrane a barrier to?

A

lipid-soluble substances

barrier to passage of charged or polar substances

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9
Q

A lipid bilayer is considered _________, or having both polar and nonpolar parts.

Phosphate containing heads are ________.
Fatty acid tails are __________.

A

amphipathic

polar
nonpolar

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10
Q

What three molecules make up a lipid bilayer?

A

phospholipids, cholersterol, glycolipds

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11
Q

What portion of the bilayer “mediates fluidity”?

What portion of the molecule is it’s “polar part”?

This portion forms _______ _____ with the heads of phospholipids and glycolipds and fills the space etween fatty acid tails.

A

cholesterol

-OH (-ol=tells you it’s an alchohol)

hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

What substances for the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids

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13
Q

What type of protein extends into or through the bilayer?

What type of protein spans the entire lipid bilayer?

What type of protein attaches to the inner or outer surface but do not extend through the membrane?

These membrane proteins have a carbohydrate group attached that protrudes into the extracellular fluid.

A

integral proteins

transmembrane proteins (most integral proteins)

peripheral

glycoproteins

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14
Q

The entire “sugary coating” surrounding the membrane (made up of the carbohydrate portions of the glycolipids/glycoproteins?

A

the glycocalyx

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Membrane proteins can be classified as what two types?

Describe their general function (if applicable).

A

integral: extends through
(transmembrane proteins extend all the way through)
form ion channels (channel proteins)
transporters (carriers)

peripheral: on one side of the membrane
attached to the phospholipd heads or to integral proteins

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17
Q

Within the functions of the membrane, describe each.

a. “some integral proteins”
b. selectively move substances through the membrane
c. for cellular recognition
d. catalyze chemical reactions-others, act as cell-identity markers

What does a ligand do?

A

integral proteins are ion channels

transporters selectively move substances through the membrane

receptors for cellular recognition

enzymes catalyze chemical reactions; others act as cell-identity markers

A ligand binds to a receptor however it will cause a change within the cell.

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18
Q

Describe the three integral membrane proteins.

A

ion channels: allows specific ion to move through water-filled pore. Most plasma membranes include specific channels for several common ions.

carriers: carries specific substances across membrane by changing shape. Carriers are also known as transporters.

receptors: recognizes specific ligands and alters cell’s function in some way.

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19
Q

Define and describe the two integral and peripheral membrane protein.

A

Enzymes: catalyzes reaction inside or outside of a cell.

Linker: Anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane; providing structure and shape for the cell. Can participate in the movement of the cell or link two cells together.

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20
Q

What is a plasma membrane protein that distinguishes your cells from someone elses (unless you are an identical twin)?

A

cell-identity marker (MHC protein/glycoprotein)

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21
Q

What exists only on the outer face of the plasma membrane and is comprised of glycoproteins and glycolipids?

A

The glycocalyx

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22
Q

What protects the cell from enzymatic action, cell adhesion, and cell recognition?

A

the glycocalyx

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23
Q

Changes in this cell structure occurs when cells are transformed into cancer cells.

A

glycocalyx

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24
Q

Due to the array and distributions of lipids and proteins embedded in it, this membrane only allows some substances across it-but not others.

A

a selective permeable membrane

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25
Q

True or False:

Transmembrane protein channels and carriers selectively decrease membrane permeability to ions and molecules that cannot cross the lipid bilayer unassisted.

A

False; increase

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26
Q

What is the other name for a selectively permeable membrane?

A

differentially permeable

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27
Q

What are some substances that are nonpolar and lipid soluble that move in and out of the cell by simple diffusion through the plasmalemma?

A

Oxygen
carbon dioxide
fats, alcohol
fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

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28
Q

Molecules can passively diffuse through the plasma membrane if they are?

A

Lipid soluble

Small enough to pass through membrane pores

Assisted by carrier molecules

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29
Q

What are the three types of gradients?

Define each.

A

Concentration: the attribute is concentration of a chemical

Electrical: attribute is electrical charges

Electrochemical: combined influence of the above two

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30
Q

What molecule and ions are more concentrated in the extracellular fluid than in cytosol?

A

Oxygen molecules

Sodium ions

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31
Q

What molecule and ions are more concentrated in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid?

A

carbon dioxide

potassium ions

32
Q

The external of the cell carries a _______ charge; while the internal of the cell carries a ________ charge.

A 
external = positive
internal = negative
33
Q

Movement of materials through the plasma membrane takes place by what two processes?

Describe each.

A

Active: (energy required)

  • Active* transport: primary / secondary
  • Bulk* transport: exocytosis, endocytosis, transcytosis
  • *Passive**: (no energy required)
  • *Diffusion**: simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
  • *Filtration**
34
Q

What is a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole mebrane with the cell membrane?

What is the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole?

What is a type of transcellular transport in which various macromolecules are transported across the interior of a cell?

A

exocytosis

endocytosis

transcytosis

35
Q

True or False:

The passive spread of particles through random motion from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration.

A

False; they move from high to low

36
Q

Osmosis is an example of what type of gradient?

A

concentration gradient

37
Q

Tonicity is a characteristic of a __________.

A

a solution

38
Q

Tonicity is the measure of the solution’s ability to change a cell’s _______ content by induction of osmosis.

A

water

39
Q

What three types of tonicity of a solution are there?

A

isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

40
Q

In terms of tonicity, what is the term for each respective definition?

There are equal concentrations of osmotically active solutes.

There is a lower concentration than the cell, less able than the cell to influence water movement, so water moves into the cell.

There is a higher concentration, more influence than the cell, so water moves out of the cell.

A

isotonic (iso-isolate / stays the same)

hypotonic (hypo (say it out loud and your lips will form an “oh” just as the cell swells)

hypertonic (hyper (say it out loud and your lips form an “uhr” just as the cells shrink, so do your lips.)

41
Q

For molecules undergoing this type of diffusion, the solute binds to a protein carrier on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side after the carrier/transporter undergoes a change in shape?

A

facilitated diffusion

42
Q

What must be present in passive diffusion?

A

There has to be a concentration gradient in passive diffusion.

43
Q

In facilitated diffusion, what occurs when the concentration becomes equal on both sides of the membrane and net movement ceases?

A

a state of dynamic equilibrium is attained

44
Q

What are the two types of active transport?

A

primary and secondary active transport

45
Q

A sodium-potassium pump is an example of what type of transport?

A

primary active transport

46
Q

Sodium potassium pumps operate all the time in living cells to maintain the concentration gradient of high ___ and low ____ inside the cell.

A

K+ , Na+

47
Q

In secondary active transport, the energy stored in a Na+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against their concentration gradient.

The secondary active transport indirectly uses energy obtained from what process?

A

the hydrolysis of ATP.

48
Q

Within secondary active transport, there are two mechanisms. Define each and explain.

A

Antiporters: carry two substances across the membrane in opposite direction (anti=opposite, porter=carry)

Symporters: carry two substances across the membrane in the same direction (sym=same, porter=carry))

49
Q

A small spherical sac formed by budding off from a membrane.

A

vesicle

50
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A

A. receptor-mediated endocytosis
B. phagocytosis
C. bulk-phase endocytosis (pinocytosis)

51
Q

True or False: Energy is not required for vesicular transport.

A

False; it is a form of active transport.

52
Q

What is specifically needed for receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

a specific ligand

53
Q

What bulk-phase endocytosis type is roughly translated into “cell drinking”?

A

pinocytosis

54
Q

What form of endocytosis engulfs large solid particles such as worn-out cells, bacteria, and viruses?

A

phagocytosis

55
Q

In what cells does exocytosis occur?

A

secretory cells that prouce substances such as digestive enzymes, hormones, mucus, etc.

nerve cells, which release neurotransmitters

56
Q

What process most often occurs across endothelial cell lining blood vessels whereinmaterials are moved between the blood plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

transcytosis

57
Q

What serves as structural framework, that provides for cellular movement, by providing a scaffold comprised of these three structures?

A

cytoskeleton

microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules

58
Q

What is the term for the definition?

A double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

The numerous openings in the nuclear envelope, control movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm.

A spherical body that produced ribosomes.

The cells hereditary units, control activities and structure of the cell.

Long molecules of DNA combined with protein molecules.

A

nuclear envelope

nuclear pores

nucleolus

genes

chromosomes

59
Q

What structure of the cells are a part of a dense complex of RNA / DNA / protein?

A

nucleolus

60
Q

Where does the nucleolus form?

What does it produce?

A

It forms around the portions of certain chromosomes having regions that code for production of ribosomes.

Produces both ribosomal subunits

61
Q

What is a complex of DNA and proteins - represents the relaxed, uncoiled chromosomes of the interphase nucleus?

A

chromatin

62
Q

Where are ribosomes made?

A

In the nucleolus

63
Q

Ribosomes are where amino acids are assembled into what molecule?

Ribosomes are composed of two subunits: what are they? Are they permanently associated?

What two forms do ribosomes exist?

A

proteins

large and small; not permanently associated

  • *Free** = loose in the cytosol
  • *Attached** = temporarily attached to a membrane
64
Q

The two ribosomal subunits reside, disassembled in the cytoplasm.

The large subunit joins the amino acid and forms a ___________ ________.

The small subunits initiates translation, recruits the large ribosomal subunit, and reads the mRNA, which does what?

A

polypeptide chain

determines the primary sequence of amino acid comprising the protein

65
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum is an extensive network of _________ running throughout the cell.

The two types of ER are:

The two types are continuous with each other and with the nuclear __________.

A

membranes

Smooth ER: ER without ribosomes
Rough ER: ER with ribosomes

envelope

66
Q

Rough ER is more _______.

Smooth ER is a network of _________.

A

linear

network of tubules

67
Q

The Golgi complex is a stack of 3-20 flattened, membraned-enclosed sacs called ___________.

Transport vesicles arriving from the rough ER fuse with the ____ face of the Golgi.

Secretory vesicles, lysosomes, and peroxisomes bud from the ____ face of the Golgi.

A

cisternae

cis

trans

68
Q

What is the function of the Golgi complex?

A

receives “immature” proteins from the rough ER

packages proteins into vesicles

synthesizes carbohydrates

“packaging and export mechanism for the cell”

69
Q

What are the three destinations for the proteins that leave the Golgi complex?

Explain each.

A

Secretory vesicles: wherein the proteins will be exported (secreted) from the cell by exocytosis

Membrane vesicles: wherein the proteins in the vesicle membranes merge with the plasma membrane

Transport vesicles: in which the proteins (some of which are enzymes) are conveyed to such structures as lysosomes, or to other parts of the cell

70
Q

How many membranes does the mitochondria have?

Which layer produces cristae?

Mitochondria replicate in what manner?

The mitochondria contains enzymes for what two cellular processes?

Most of the cell’s ______ is produced here.

A

2
the inner layer produces cristae

self-replicating

cellular respiration and the krebs cycle

ATP

71
Q

True or False:

Mitochondria have their own ribosomes.

A

True

72
Q

What are the vesicles that form from the Golgi complex and contain powerful digestive enzymes?

What is their function?

A

Lysosomes

digest substances that enter a cell via endocytosis then transport products of digestion into the cytosol

carry out autophagy (the digestion of worn-out organelles)

carry out autolysis, the digestion of the entire cell

73
Q

What are the Golgi complex products that detoxify several toxic substances and are abundant in the liver?

These structures also break down a byproduct of oxidation using the enzyme catalase. What is the byproduct?

These structures are also self-replicating but do not possess DNA.

A

peroxisomes

H2O2

74
Q

These portions continuously degrade (destroy) unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins and are found in the cytosol and the nucleus.

These structures are membranous sacs within the cytoplasm of cells; commonly formed when part of the plasma membrane folds inward and pinches off during phagocytosis.

A

proteasomes

vacuoles

75
Q

These structures assemble microtubules near the nucleus and are comprised of 9 microtubule triplets.

A

centrosome

76
Q

What is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled or abnormal cell proliferation?

What is the term for excess tissue that develops as the result of cancer?

What is the medical study of tumors?

What is the term for the spread of cancerous cells to other parts of the body?

What is the term for a cancerous neoplasm that tends to metastasize?

A

cancer

tumor/neoplasm

oncology

malignancy

metastasis

A&P I (9 decks)

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