Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P I > Block 1 - Tissues > Flashcards

Block 1 - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic types of tissues and explain them?

A

Epithelial – covering and lining; glands Connective – connect, support, filling spaces Muscle – generate forces that provide for movement Nervous – cell-to-cell communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

________ _________ connect adjacent cells mechanically at the cell membranes or through cytoskeletal elements within and between cells.

A

intracellular junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_________ __________ are found where a leakproof seal is needed between cells. They keep materials from leaking out of organs like the stomach and bladder.

A

tight junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_________ __________ make an adhesion belt (like the belt on your pants) that Keeps tissues from separating as they stretch and contract. _________ (transmembrane proteins) attach to the plaque, partially cross the intercellular space, and connect to the same type of transmembrane protein from an adjacent cells Plaque attaches to microfilaments

A

Adherens junction cadherins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Desmosomes and adherens junctions are dissimilar because the plaque does not attach to ________, but rather attaches to ________ filaments

A

microfilaments; intermediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define a hemidesmosome.

A

“half desmosome”

Transmembrane glycoproteins called integrins replace the cadherins of desmosomes, and attach to the basement membrane Anchors an epithelial cell to the basement membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In hemidesmosomes, the transmembrane glycoproteins called _______ replace the ________ of desmosomes

A

integrins

cadherins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

All epithelia have a free ______ surface and an attached basal surface.

A

apical (free) surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Moving external to internal, the epithelium has these layers:

epithelium –> ______ _______, made up of thes two lamina: ________ lamina, _______ lamina –> connective tissue where nerves and blood vessels are located.

A

basement membrane; basal lamina and reticular lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the functions of the epithelial cells?

A

Protection

Filtration

Secretion

Absorption

Excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Identify each layer arrangement and cell shape.

A

simple, psuedostratified, stratified

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Simple squamous epithelium is composed of the single layer of flat cells found in:

A

In the air sacs of lungs

In the lining of blood

vessels, the heart, and lymphatic vessels

In all capillaries, including those of the kidney

As the major part of a

serous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

– Simple ________ makes up epithelial membranes and lines the blood vessels.

– ________ is common in the digestive tract.

–__________ ________ ________ is characteristic of the upper respiratory tract.

– __________ epithelium is found in the bladder.

– _________ epithelium lines ducts and sweat glands.

A

–Simple squamous makes up epithelial membranes and lines the blood vessels.

–Columnar is common in the digestive tract.

–Pseudostratified ciliated

columnar is characteristic

of the upper respiratory tract.

–Transitional is found in

the bladder.

–Cuboidal lines ducts and

sweat glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define Goblet cells.

A

Goblet cells are simple columnar cells that have differentiated to acquire the ability to secrete mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fill in the blank.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium has ciliated tissues that have cells that secrete mucous. What is the name of those cells?

A

Goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Keratinized and Non-keratinized are features of what type of tissue?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of tissue is on top and bottom?

A

Top: nonkeratinized (outer layer still has nucleus) stratified squamous epithelium

Bottom: keratinized (outer layer loses nucleus) stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of epithelium has an apical surface that is made up of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells?

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The cells of this epithelium can change shape depending on the state of the stretch in the tissue. What type of tissue is this?

A

transitional epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fill in the blanks in the diagram.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

– Simple ________ makes up epithelial membranes and lines the blood vessels.

– ________ is common in the digestive tract.

–__________ ________ ________ is characteristic of the upper respiratory tract.

– __________ epithelium is found in the bladder.

– _________ epithelium lines ducts and sweat glands.

A

–Simple squamous makes up epithelial membranes and lines the blood vessels.

–Columnar is common in the digestive tract.

–Pseudostratified ciliated

columnar is characteristic

of the upper respiratory tract.

–Transitional is found in

the bladder.

–Cuboidal lines ducts and

sweat glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A specialized simple squamous epithelium that lines the entire circulatory system from the heart to the smallest capillary – it is extremely important in reducing turbulence of flow of blood.

Found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.

A

Endothelium

Mesothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Single cell or group of cells that secrete substances into a duct, onto a surface or into the blood.

What do these screte into?

What two types are there?

A

Gland

ducts, surface, blood

exocrine / endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Explain exocrine.

Explain endocrine.

A

Exocrine

–Secrete to surface or lumen

–Typically are multicellular, and have ducts (the only important unicellular exocrine gland in humans is the goblet cell)

–Sweat, oil, mucus, enzymes

Endocrine

–Secrete to extracellular space

–Ductless, having lost ducts during development

–Diffuse to blood stream

–Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The criteria for categorizing multicellular glands according to function is based on the manner in which the gland secretes its product from inside the cell to the outside environment.

What three types are there?

A

–Merocrine

–Apocrine

–Holocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In terms of exocrine glands, this gland has a secretion that is the most common manner of secretion.

The gland releases its product by exocytosis and no part of the gland is lost or damaged

A

merocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

This type of exorcine gland “bud” their secretions off through the plasma membrane, producing membrane-bound vesicles in the lumen of the gland.

–The end of the cell breaks off by “decapitation”, leaving a milky, viscous odorless fluid.

–This type of sweat only develops a strong odor when it comes into contact with bacteria on the skin surface.

A

Apocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

These type of exocrine gland secretions are produced by rupture of the plasma membrane, releasing the entire cellular contents into the lumen and killing the cell (cells are replaced by rapid division of stem cells.)

The sebaceous gland is an example because its secretion (sebum) is released with remnants ofdead cells.

A

holocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the basic type of tissue that has these functions?

Binds, supports, and strengthens other body tissues (bone, cartilage)

Protects and insulates internal organs

Compartmentalizes (fascia)

Transports (blood)

Stores energy (adipose tissue)

Main source of immune responses

A

connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Connective tissue is composed of what?

A

cells

extracellular matrix made up of:

protein fibers / ground substance

32
Q

True or False:

The epithelium has many cells, few ground substance, few fibers and lots of arteries.

True or False:

The connective tissue has few cells, lots of ground substance, lots of fibers and lots of arteries.

A

False; no arteries

True

33
Q

Connective tissue cells arise from __________, which is an embryonic connective tissue.

A

mesenchyme

34
Q

What suffix is given for “immature cells” and “mature cells”?

A
  • blast
  • cyte
35
Q

What are the differences between blast cells and mature cells in terms of cell division?

A

Blasts are mitotically competent and secrete the matrix that is characteristic of the tissue while mature cells ahve reduced capacity for cell division and matrix formation. Typically mature cells are generally involved with maintaining the matrix.

36
Q

Fill in the blanks.

A
37
Q

Most common cell of connective tissue in general

Large, flat cells with branching processes

Migrate throughout connective tissue to secrete and maintain the matrix (matrix = fibers (collagen, reticular fibers, elastic fibers) and ground substance (GAGs and glycoproteins))

A

Fibroblast

38
Q

Develop from monocytes

Irregularly shaped, having filopodia (short branching projections that contain actin) whereby they move

Engage in phagocytosis

A

macrophage

39
Q

What type of macrophage is found:

fixed in the liver

fixed in primarily skin and lymph nodes

wandering in bone

wandering in blood

wandering in the central nervous system

A

Kupffer cells

Langerhanns cells

Osteoclasts

Alveolar macrophage AKA dust cell

monocyte

Microglia

40
Q

What type of cell is abundant alongside blood vessels of connective tissues?

It can be phagocytic

A

mast cells

41
Q

What are the granules stored in mast cells-referred to as “primary mediators”?

A

heparin

histamines

proteases

aryl sulfatases

ECF / NCF

42
Q

What “granule” dilates small blood vessels as part of the inflammatory response?

What does ECF and NCF stand for?

A

histamines

Eosinophil chemotactic factor

Neutrophil chemotactic facter

43
Q

What secondary mediators can be synthesized “on the spot” by mast cells?

A

leukotrienes

thromboxanes

prostaglandins

cytokines

44
Q

What type of cell?

Large; spherical

Signet ring-shaped

Synthesizes and stores lipid

Vacuole of fat

Filler

A

Adipose cell

45
Q

What are the types of leukocytes?

A

–Lymphocytes

–Monocytes

–Neutrophils

–Eosinophils

–Basophils

46
Q

In short, what is the composition and function of the connective tissue?

A

Composition:

protein fibers

ground substance (may be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified)

Function:

occupies space between cells and fibers

provides structural support for connective tissue

47
Q

What are the polysaccharides in the ground substance?

A

hyaluronic acid

chrondroitin sulfate

dermatan sulfate

keratan sulfate

* associated with proteins called proteoglycans

48
Q

True or False:

Glycosaminoglycans are highly negatively charged and very hydrophillic.

A
49
Q

What are the protein/carbohydrate substance that forms a core protein of a complex resembling a test-tube brush, with GAGs projecting from the core?

A

Proteoglycans

50
Q

Define each with a term:

Viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together, lubricates joints, and helps maintain the shape of the eyeballs (vitreous body)

Provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels

Is found in skin, tendons, blood vessels and heart valves

In bone, cartilage and the cornea of the eye

Is the main adhesion protein of connective tissue

A

Hyaluronic acid

Chondroitin sulfate

Dermatan sulfate

Keratan sulfate

Fibronectin

51
Q

What are the three connective tissue fibers?

A

Collagen fibers

Elastic fibers

Reticular fibers

52
Q

Describe collagen fibers.

A

Abundant throughout the body

Inelastic

Flexible

Tensile strength greater than steel

Arranged in parallel bundles

53
Q

Describe elastic fibers.

A

Small, branching fibers

Form network within tissues

Constitution:

–Elastin (protein)

–Fibrillin (glycoprotein)

–Fibrillin surrounds the elastin

Locations:

–Skin

–Walls of blood vessels

–Lung tissue

54
Q

Describe reticular fibers.

A

Fine bundles of collagen coated with glycoprotein

Fibers are much thinner than collagen fibers, and form a branching network

Provide support and strength (as does collagen)

Locations

–Blood vessels tissues: areolar connective, adipose, smooth muscle

–Reticular connective tissue, forming the stroma AKA reticulum (supporting framework) of soft organs such as spleen and lymph nodes

–Component of basement membrane

55
Q

Within connective tissue classification, what are the sub-types:

embryonic connective tissue

mature connective tissue

A

embryonic connective tissue

mesenchyme

mucous connective tissue

mature connective tissue

Loose: areolar, adipose, reticular

Dense: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic CT

Cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic carilage

Bone

Liquid: blood tissue, lymph

56
Q

Composed of irregularly shaped cells, a semifluid ground substance, and reticular fibers

Pleuripotent cells–all other connective tissues eventually arise from mesenchyme

Located along developing bones of the embryo and under the skin

A

Mesenchyme

57
Q

Variant of mesenchyme containing widely scattered fibroblasts, more viscous jelly-like ground substance, plus collagen fibers

Found in umbilical cord of fetus

High turgor resists compression

A

mucous connective tissue (aka Wharton’s Jelly)

58
Q

What are the locations and types of

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUES?

A

locations:

Deep to skin

deep to mesothelial lining of the internal body cavities

around blood vessels

surrounds glandular parenchyma

types:

areolar CT

adipose tissue

reticular CT

59
Q

One of the most widely distributed connective tissues in the body

Contains the “usual” types of connective tissue cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, white blood cells

All three types of fibers are arranged randomly throughout the tissue

In conjunction with adipose tissue, it forms the subcutaneous layer, attaching the skin to underlying tissues

A

Areolar CT

60
Q

A loose connective tissue, well vascularized

Generally found wherever areolar connective tissue is located

Adipocytes are derived from fibroblasts, and are specialized for storage of triglycerides (fats)

Good insulator, and reduces heat loss

Major energy reserve, as well as protecting various organs

A

Adipose Tissue

61
Q

Consists of fine interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells

Forms the stroma (supporting framework) of liver, spleen, lymph nodes

In the spleen, reticular fibers remove worn out red blood cells

In the lymph nodes, reticular fibers filter lymph and remove bacteria

A

Reticular CT

62
Q

What type of connective tissue is found in these locations:

–Lymph nodes

–Spleen

–Liver sinusoids

–Bone marrow

–Smooth muscle

–Some fat tissue

–Islets of Langerhans

A

reticular CT

63
Q

Define this connective tissue:

General locations in the body

–Parts subject to tensive forces

–Parts requiring flexibility and strength

Overall feature: more fibers than cells

A

dense connective tissue

64
Q

What are the three types of dense connective tissue:

A

dense regulative connective tissue (DRCT)

dense irregular connective tissue (DICT)

elastic connective tissue

65
Q

Bundles of collagen fibers regularly arranged in parallel patterns, providing tensile strength along the axis of the fibers

Fibroblasts produce fibers and ground substance, and are in rows between the fibers

Examples: tendons, aponeuroses, and most ligaments

A

Dense Regular CT

66
Q

Collagen fibers are abundant, and not arranged in symmetrical or parallel fashion

Generally found in parts of the body where pulling forces are exerted in various directions

Locations:

  • Dermis of skin
  • Periosteum
  • Pericardium
  • Sheath of nerves
  • Heart valves
  • Kidney
  • Perichondrium
  • Lymph nodes
A

Dense irregular tissue

67
Q

Consists predominantly of branching elastic fibers

Fibroblasts present in spaces between the fibers

Unstained tissue has a yellowish color due to the high numbers of elastic fibers

Has property of elasticity

A

Elastic CT

68
Q

What are the major types of membranes?

A

mucous, serous, cutaneous

69
Q

What is unique about synovial membranes that line the joints?

A

Contain connective tissue but no epithelium

70
Q

What type of membrane consists of a lining of epithelium and an underlying layer of connective tissue called the lamina propria?

A

mucous membrane

71
Q

What are the two serous membrane types?

A

parietal

visceral

72
Q

__________ membranes are composed of a ___________ layer and an underlying layer of areolar and adipose connective tissue, but there is no epithelial layer.

A

synovial; synoviocyte

73
Q

Diseases in which the body produces antibodies that fail to distinguish self from non-self, and attack the body’s own tissues (connective tissues).

A

autoimmune disorder

74
Q

A connective tissue disorder transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. The fibrillin gene is defective, resulting in abnormal development of elastic fibers. Structures most affected are the periosteum, suspensory ligaments of the eye, and walls of large arteries. People with Marfan syndrome tend to be tall and have disproportionately long arms, legs, fingers, and toes.

A

marfan syndrome

75
Q

The replacement of a diseased or injured tissue or organ with cells or tissues from an animal. Porcine (pig) and bovine (cattle) heart valves are used for some heart valve replacement surgeries.

A

xenotransplantation

A&P I (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions