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A&P I > Block 2 - Skeletal Tissue > Flashcards

Block 2 - Skeletal Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Where is cartilage found?

Cartilage is the template for what?

A

articular surfaces:

smooth / low friction

template for bone formation

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2
Q

The strength of cartilage is due to ________.

The resilience of cartilage is due to _________.

A

collagen fibers

chondroitin sulfate

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3
Q

What is the term for mature cartilage cells and where are they found?

Where are these derived from?

A

chondrocytes / lacunae

chondroblasts

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4
Q

Cartilage is a dense network of what two substances embedded in a ground substance of what compound?

A

Collagen and elastic fibers

chondoitin sulfate

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5
Q

The dense, irregular connective tissue that covers cartilage is called?

Once this area is vascularized, it becomes the periosteum.

A

the perichondrium

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6
Q

Cartilage has no blood vessels.

It also has no nerves except for in one area.

What area is this?

A

the perichondrium

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7
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline

fibrocartilage

elastic

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8
Q

What type of cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage and covers the ends of long bones and parts of the ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi, and larynx?

A

hyaline

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9
Q

Where can hyaline cartilage be found?

A

Covers the ends of long bones and parts of the ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi, and larynx

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10
Q

What cartilage consists of thick bundles of collagen fibers and is a very strong, tough cartilage?

Where can this type be found?

A

fibrocartilage

Typically occurs as disc-shaped segment of cartilage between bones.

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11
Q

What type of cartilage consists of chondrocytes located in threadlike network of elastic fibers?

Where are two locations this cartilage could be found?

A

elastic cartilage

malleable part of the external ear

&

epiglottis

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12
Q

What two minerals are involved in bone mineral homeostasis?

What is produced and what is stored within bone?

A

calcium and phosphorous

blood cell production

triglyceride storage

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13
Q

Give the term for each description:

  1. shaft or body
  2. distal and proximal ends
  3. where the diaphysis and epiphyses meet
  4. at the metaphysis of a growing bone
  5. hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyses
  6. dense irregular connective tissue that covers the bone (except for the articular cartilage)
  7. space inside the diaphysis
  8. membrane lining the marrow cavity
A
  1. diaphysis
  2. epiphsyses
  3. metaphyses
  4. epiphseal plate
  5. articular cartilage
  6. periosteum
  7. marrow cavity
  8. endosteum
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14
Q

Bone matrix is made up of what percentage of

water, collagen, and hydroxapatite?

A

25% / 25% / 50%

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15
Q

All bone tissues come from what?

Give the term for the description:

stem cells that can divide and differentiate into osteoblasts

secrete bone matrix and become osteocytes

mature bone cells; regulate the composition of the bone matrix

release enzymes that digest bone matrix for remodeling of bone

A

the mesenchyme

osteogenic cells

osteoblasts

osteocytes

osteoclasts

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16
Q

The regions of the bone have two sub-types:

what are those two sub-types?

Most of the skeleton is what type

Can both sub-types be present in the same bone?

A

compact bone

spongy bone

compact bone

Yes.

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17
Q

What are the units that are within the compact bone?

Where are these units/systems formed?

What exists between left over fragments of older osteons?

A

osteons (Haversian systems)

Formed from concentric lamellae (rings of calcified matrix)

interstitial lamellae

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18
Q

What encircles the bone beneath the periosteum?

What encircles the medullary cavity?

A

outer circumferential lamellae

inner circumferential lamellae

19
Q

What are the small spaces between the lamellae which house osteocytes?

What are the small channels filled with extracellular fluid connecting the lacunae?

A

lacunae

canaliculi (like a canal)

20
Q

Within the bone tissue, where are the blood and lymphatic vessels found?

What allows transit of these vessels to the outer cortex of the bone?

A

in the osteon’s central canal

The perforating (Volkmann’s) canals

21
Q

What does spongy bone lack?

Since spongy bone lacks this particular portion, what replaces (it is a lattice of thin columns of trabeculae)?

A

osteons

lamellae

22
Q

What is the scientific term for blood cell production that occurs in spongy bone?

What is the function of the trabeculae of spongy bone?

A

hematopoiesis

supports and protects the red bone marrow

is oriented along lines of stress

23
Q

What exist within the trabeculae of spongy bone?

What is the process of forming new bone?

When does bone formation occur?

A

lacunae

ossification / osteogenesis

  1. Formation of boen in an embryo
  2. Growth of bones until adulthood
  3. Remodeling of bone
  4. Repair of fractures
24
Q

Beginning about the 6th week of embryonic development,

what are the two ossifications?

A

intra-membranous ossification

endochondral ossification

25
Q

What occurs in intra-membranous ossification?

What occurs in the endochondral ossification?

A

produces spongy bone (this bone may subsequently be remodeled to form compact bone)

cartilage is replaced by bone and forms both compact and spongy bone

26
Q

The forming of flat bones of the skull, mandible and clavicle can be attributed to what ossification process?

Within the above process of ossification, bone forms from ____________ cells that develop with a ___________-without going hrough a cartilage stage.

A

intra-membraneous

mesenchymal / membrane

27
Q

This process is particularly common in the formation of most bones and especially long bones.

A

endochondral ossification

28
Q

Within bone remodeling,

what are the two types?

A

bone resoprtion:

removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts (clast = “crush”)

bone deposition (deposit):

addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts (blast = “build”)

29
Q

When there is a imbalance between the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, abnormalities occur such as:

  1. too much new tissue formed-bones become thick and heavy
  2. excessive loss of calcium weakens the bones and creates “pores” in the bone structure
  3. bone structure can become “soft” - i.e. “rickets”
A

acromegaly

osteoporosis

osteomalacia

30
Q

Within bone fracture and repair,

What forms within the first 6-8 hours after injury?

What causes this formation?

A

formation of a fracture hematoma

blood vessels breaking in the periosteum and osteons

31
Q

Within fracture repair,

the ssecond and third steps involve the formation of what?

What is the role of phagocytes and fibroblasts?

A

the callus

phagocytes remove cellular debris

fibroblasts deposit collagen to form a fibro-cartilaginous callus

osteoblasts form a bony callus of spongy bone

32
Q

What occurs in the final step of fracture and repair?

A

spongy bone is replaced by compact bone

33
Q

What are three things Calcium is used in?

99% of the body’s calcium can be found where?

A

synaptic transmission / muscle contraction / blood clotting

in the bone

34
Q

Name the vitamin involved in each process:

  1. Stimulates activity of osteoblasts
  2. Needed for synthesis of collagen
  3. Essential to healthy bones because it promotes the absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood
  4. Needed for synthesis of bone proteins
A

Vitamin A

Vitamin C

Vitamin D

Vitamin K and B12

35
Q

What substance has these functions:

  1. Promotes resorption of bone matrix
  2. Prevents loss of calcium in the urine
  3. Promotes vitamin D (calcitriol) formation
A

Parathyroid hormone

36
Q

What substance promotes the intestinal absorption of calcium?

What substance is produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption?

A

calcitriol

calcitonin

37
Q

Blood calcium can be increased by two different negative feedback systems.

What are the two ways?

A

release of Calcium from bone matrix

retention of calcium by the kidneys

38
Q

A joint can be described as a point of contact between two bones, between bone and cartilage, or between ________ and a _______.

A

bone and a tooth

39
Q

Within fibrous joints, what is the term for these descriptions:

  1. thin layer of fibrous connective tissue
  2. more space than a suture; more fibrous connective tissue
  3. teeth in sockets of upper and lower jaw
A

sutures

syndesmoses

gomphoses

40
Q

Within cartilaginous joints,

joint components are connected by what two types of cartilage?

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage

  1. Synchondroses
  2. Symphyses
41
Q

Describe the two types of cartilaginous joints:

Synchondroses

Symphyses

Which is primary? Which is secondary?

A

Synchondroses:

primary cartilaginous joints that has hyaline connecting bones

Symphyses:

secondary cartilaginous joints that has fibrocartilage connecting bones

42
Q

Within the synovial joints, what is the term for each description:

  1. Dense irregular and regular connective tissue
  2. Lines the capsule; secretes synovial fluid
  3. Viscous, clear fluid; lubricates, allows diffusion of nutrient and wastes
  4. Covers epiphyses of bone; not covered by synovial membrane
  5. Contain articular discs
A
  1. articular capsule
  2. synovial membrane
  3. synovial fluid
  4. articular cartilage
  5. also called menisci
43
Q
A

A&P I (9 decks)

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