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A&P I > Block 2 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Block 2 - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

The integumentary system is made up of what basic structures, in general?

A

skin

hair

nails

various glands

muscles

nerves

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2
Q

What are the two principal parts of the integumentary system?

What does the hypodermis consist of?

A

epidermis: superficial, thin layer of epithelial tissue

dermis: a deeper, thicker layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue

(subcutaneous layer) consists of areolar/adipose tissue is not part of the skin

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3
Q

What are the specific functions of the skin?

A

§Thermoregulation

–Evaporation of sweat cools the skin

–Increased blood flow to the skin promotes heat loss by radiation

–Hairs trap heat, thereby reducing heat loss in cold temperatures

§Protection from external environment: abrasion, microbes, heat, chemicals, UV light, evaporation

§Cutaneous sensation: pain, touch, pressure, temperature

§Excretion: sweat eliminates some water, salts, CO2, ammonia, urea

§Synthesis of vitamin D: the first step in activation of vitamin D begins in the skin by the action of UV light

§Reservoir for blood

§Absorbs substances

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4
Q

What is the epidermis composed of?

What are the four major types of cells within the epidermis?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

  1. keratinocytes
  2. melanocytes
  3. Langerhans cells
  4. Merkel cells
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5
Q

90% of the epidermal cells are what type?

How are these cells formed?

A

keratinocytes

§Formed when new cells produced by mitosis become filled with keratin, a tough, fibrous protein that waterproofs the skin and helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals

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6
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

What produces melanin within the melanocyte?

Fill in the Blank:

The __________ of melanocytes synthesize melanin from the amino acid ________ in the presence of the enzyme _________.

A

Produces the pigment melanin, a brown-black pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging ultraviolet light

melanosomes

melanosomes

tyrosine

tyrosinase

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7
Q

How are melanin granules transfered?

What is their purpose with regard to nuclear DNA?

A

Projections from melanocytes extend between keratinocytes, and transfer melanin granules to them.

The melanin granules then cluster over the nucleus on the side toward the skin surface, shielding nuclear DNA from UV light

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8
Q

True or False:

Langerhans cells are a type of dendritic cell that are involved in immune response.

A

True

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9
Q

Where do the Merkel cells reside?

What do the function of Merkel cells and tactile discs create?

A

§Reside in the deepest layer of the epidermis where they contact the flattened processes of tactile discs (AKA Merkel discs), which are a type of sensory neuron (nerve cell).

function in the sensation of touch

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10
Q

In external to internal, what are the layers of the epidermis?

A

–Stratum corneum

–Stratum lucidum

–Stratum granulosum

–Stratum spinosum

–Stratum basale

“Come, Let’s Get Some Beer”

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11
Q

What epidermal layer is only present where exposure to friction is greatest?

A

Found in fingertips, palms, soles

Stratum Lucidum

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12
Q

The Stratum Basale layer is the ________ layer.

What types of cells exist in this layer?

A

deepest layer

mostly keratinocytes, a few melanocytes and Merkel cells

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13
Q

What is the name and type of filament that Keratinocytes have that is composed of protein that will later form to keratin?

A

intermediate filaments / Tonofilaments

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14
Q

The epidermal layer of the stratum spinosum has 8-10 layers of what type of cells?

The epidermal layer of the stratum granulosom has 5-10 layers of flattened keratinocytes, this layer is also filled with two types of granules made up of what?

A

8-10 of keratinocytes w/ a few Langerhans cells

filled with granules of keratin and lamellar granules (release waterproofing lipid solution)

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15
Q

What location on the body is the stratum lucidum specifically found?

How many layers of flattened, dead keratinocytes filled with keratin?

A

hands, soles, feet

3-layers

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16
Q

Within the stratum corneum, how many layers of flattened, dead cells?

What provides the “waterproofing” between cells?

A

25-30 layers

lipids from lamellar granules provide water proofing

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17
Q

The dermis is made up of what type of tissue?

What are the contents of the dermis?

A

dense irregular connective tissue:

collagen and elastic connective tissue

Blood Vessels

Nerves

Glands

Hair Follicles

Arrectores pilorum muscles (arrector pili)

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18
Q

What are the two regions of the dermis?

The dermal papillae greatly increase what?

A

papillary region: more superficial

reticular region: deeper of the two regions

They increase surface area.

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19
Q

How does the greater surface area in the dermal papillae effect the region?

What receptors are presentin the papillary region?

A

Creates better adhesion to the epidermis

More surface area for diffusion to and from epidermis

Touch corpuscles (Meissner for touch)

Free nerve endings with no strutural gives rise to sensations of coolness, pain, tickle, itch

20
Q

The reticular region of the dermis consists of what type of tissue?

Within the spaces between fibers of the reticular region, are occupied by what structures?

A

Consists of dense, irregular connective tissue containing bundles of collagen and some elastic fibers

adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous (oil) glands, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands

21
Q

The subcutaneous layer (aka hypodermis) is made up of what type of tissues?

The subcutaneous layer contains what kind of structures/substances?

What type of sensory receptor sense pressure within this layer?

A

areolar and adipose tissues

Fat

Fiber

Larger blood vessels

Sensory receptor

Pacinian corpuscles (lamellated corpuscles)

22
Q

What is another term for “epidermal ridges”?

What opens at the top of the epidermal ridges?

A

Fingerprints

ducts of sweat glands

23
Q

Skin color is determined by the combination of varying amounts of three pigments?

Which two are genetically determined?

A

melanin

carotene

hemoglobin

melanin / carotene

24
Q

Within skin pigment, UV light increases the enzymatic activity of what cell portion?

Carotene is a precursor to what vitamin which is used tosynthesize pigments?

A

melanosomes

Vitamin A

25
Q

With regard to hair, the shaft is the __________ portion of the hair.

What are the three layers of the shaft and root of hair?

What surrounds the root of the hair?

A

superficial

Medulla / Cortex / Cuticle

Hair follicle that has an external root sheath that is a downward continuation of the epidermis

26
Q

The hair is composed of what?

Where is the hair root located?

How does hair “grow”?

A

Dead, keratinized cells bonded by proteins

Located in the dermis

Growth is by division of cells at the base of the hair follicle and the cells produced by mitosis in the hair matrix push the growing hair through the pilary canal.

27
Q

The hair “bulb” has a _______ layer of cells called the __________.

This “matrix” arises from what stratum layer and is the site of cell division that produces the hair?

A

germinal ; matrix

basale

28
Q

What are the 3 things that are “associated” with hairs?

Hair root plexuses are groups of what type of cells and fibers?

A

a sebaceous (oil) gland

a bundle of smooth muscle called the arrector pili

hair root plexuses

dendrite cells / nerve fiber endings

29
Q

What are the 3 structures of the nail?

What portion of the nail is part that is visible?

What portion is the whitish, crescent-shaped area of the proximal end of the nail?

A

nail body / free edge / nail root

nail body

lunula

30
Q

What type of glands are sebaceous glands?

What type of glands are sudoriferous glands?

What are the two types of sudoriferous glands?

A

Oil glands

Sweat glands

Eccrine (merocrine): most places on skin; thermoregulation

Apocrine: found in association with hair

31
Q
A
32
Q

What is the term for when keratinocytes divide and move more quickly than normal from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum, and are shed prematurely?

A

psoriasis

33
Q

What are the three common types of skin cancer?

A
  1. basal cell carcinomas (most common)
  2. squamous cell carcinomas
  3. malignant melanomas

(least common but most life threatening)

34
Q

When melanocytes are unable to synthesize tyrosinase, what occurs?

What is the partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin-may be an autoimmune disorder in which the melanocytes are attacked and killed?

When mucous membranes, nail beds, and skin appear bluish?

A

albinism

vitiligo

cyanosis

35
Q

What is caused by a buildup in the blood of bilirubin?

What is caused by the engorgement of capillaries in the dermis with blood due to:

skin injury / exposure to heat /
infection / inflammation / allergic reaction

A

Jaundice

Erythema

36
Q

What is the type of scarring of the skin causes by tearing of the dermis?

What is the partial or complete lack of hair?

What is an inflammation of the skin characterized by redness, itching, and swelling and caused by the exposure of skin to chemicals that bring about an allergic reaction?

A

striae

alopecia

contact dermititis

37
Q

What two types of wound healing are there?

A

Epidermal wound healing:

superficial wounds that affect only the epidermis

Deep wound healing:

extends to dermis and subcutaneous layer

38
Q

Describe in detail the epidermal wound healing.

A
  1. Basal cells at the margins of the wound break contact with the basement membrane and migrate
  2. When basal cells contact each other, they stop migrating (contact inhibition)
  3. Mitosis of basal cells is stimulated
  4. Keratinocytes move up to form the more superficial layers
39
Q

What are the four stages of deep wound healing?

A

inflammatory response

migratory

proliferative

maturation

40
Q

Describe the inflammatory phase of deep wound healing.

A

Blood clot forms and binds wound edges.

Blood flow and permeability increases.

WBCs and mesechymal cells migrate to area.

41
Q

Describe the migratory phase of deep wound healing.

A

Epithelial cells migrate below the scab and bridge the wound.

Fibroblasts migrate into the wound - produce collagen fibers

42
Q

Describe the proliferative phase of deep wound healing.

A

growth of epidermal cells beneath the scab

increase in the amount of collagen

regeneration of blood vessels

43
Q

Describe the maturation phase of deep wound healing.

A

scab is lost

collagen fibers become more organized

fibroblast numbers decrease

blood vessels are restored

44
Q

What can cause a burn?

What are the three types?

A

heat

electricity

radioactivity

corrosive chemicals

first / second / third degree

45
Q

What type of burn only involved the epidermis?

What type of burn destroys a ortion of the epidermis and possible parts of the dermis and has blister formations?

What type of burn destroys a portion of the epidermis as well as the underlying dermis and associated structures?

A

first degree

second degree

third degree

46
Q

Given the rule of 9’s in adults:

the head and neck

anterior and posterior of torso

anterior portion of the right arm

perineum

Given the rule for children:

head

right leg

A

one 9%

36% (18% each side)

9%

1%

__________________________

18%

14%

A&P I (9 decks)

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