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PHS 932 > Block 2 Lecture 3 -- Bacteria > Flashcards

Block 2 Lecture 3 -- Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What is an inactivated vaccine?

A

vaccine killed with heat or formaldehyde to prevent infection

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2
Q

What is an attenuated vaccine?

A

live vaccine passed through cell culture (eggs or in vivo) to induce mutation and lose infectivity

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3
Q

What is a subunit vaccine?

A

purified/synthesized peptide or DNA subunits to eliminate infection risk

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4
Q

What are examples of inactivated vaccines?

A

polio
influenza
cholera
pertussis

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5
Q

What are examples of attenuated vaccines?

A

MMR, varicella, nasal flu, polio, BCG, typhoid

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6
Q

What are examples of subunit vaccines?

A

hepatitis, tetanus toxoid

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7
Q

How are vaccines characterized?

A

1) inactivated
2) attenuated live
3) subunit

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8
Q

Characterize the DTP vaccine?

A

all whole cell, inactivated

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9
Q

Characterize the DTaP/DTPa/TDaP vaccine?

A
    • whole cell inactivated diphtheria + tetanus

- - acellular (just proteins) pertussis

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10
Q

Characterize the Tdap vaccine?

A
    • low [diphtheria]
    • acellular pertussis
    • whole cell inactivated tetanus
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11
Q

How do extracellular bacteria evade the immune system?

A

1) Ag variation
2) complement inhibition
3) phagocytosis-resistant
4) ROS scavenging

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12
Q

How do intracellular bacteria evade the immune system?

A

1) phagolysosome inhibition
2) inactivating ROS/RNS
3) disruption of phagosome

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13
Q

What antibiotics target the cell wall?

A

PCNs and cephalosporins

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14
Q

What antibiotics target the cell membrane?

A

polymyxins

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15
Q

What antibiotics target bacterial enzymes?

A

rifamycins, sulfonamides, quinolones

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16
Q

What antibiotics target protein synthesis?

A

macrolides, lincosamides, TCNs

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17
Q

What bacteria causes anthrax?

A

bacillus anthracis

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18
Q

What bacteria causes whooping cough?

A

bordetella pertussis

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19
Q

What bacteria causes tetanus?

A

clostridium tetani

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20
Q

What bacteria causes diphtheria?

A

corynebacterium diphtheria

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21
Q

What bacteria causes q fever?

A

coxiella burnetti

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22
Q

What bacteria causes meningitis and pneumonia?

A

haemophilus influenzae

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23
Q

What bacteria causes tb?

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

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24
Q

What bacteria causes meningococcal meningitis?

A

neisseria meningitides

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25
Q

What bacteria causes typhoid fever?

A

salmonella typhii

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26
Q

What bacteria causes pneumococcal pneumonia?

A

strep pneumo

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27
Q

What bacteria causes cholera?

A

vibrio cholera

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28
Q

For what diseases are vaccines available?

A

anthrax, whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria, q fever, meningitis (h. flu), TB, neisseria meningitides, typhus, pneumococcus, cholera

29
Q

What are examples of intracellular bacteria?

A

mycobacterium, listeria, legionella

30
Q

What bacteria use Ag variation to evade?

A

neisseria
e. coli
salmonella

31
Q

What bacteria use phagocytosis-resistance to evade?

A

pneumococcus

32
Q

What bacteria scavenge ROS to evade?

A

catalase-positive staph

33
Q

What bacteria use phagolysosome inhibition to evade?

A

mycobacterium tb, legionella

34
Q

What bacteria inactivate ROS/RNS to evade?

A

mycobacterium leprae

35
Q

What bacteria disrupt phagosomes to evade?

36
Q

What is S. aureus’ mechanism of pathogenicity?

A

superantigen damage

37
Q

What is S. pyogenes’ mechanism of pathogenicity?

A

inflammation due to toxins

38
Q

What is E. coli’s mechanism of pathogenicity?

A

toxins acting on ion pumps to cause water loss, LPS

39
Q

What is V. cholerae’s mechanism of pathogenicity?

A

increased cAMP in intestine to cause more Cl- and H2O loss

40
Q

What is C. tetani’s mechanism of pathogenicity?

A

irreversible contraction

41
Q

What is N. meningitidis’ mechanism of pathogenicity?

A

potent endotoxin

42
Q

What is C. diphtherae’s mechanism of pathogenicity?

A

inhibit protein synthesis

43
Q

What is mycobacteria’s mechanism of pathogenicity?

A

macrophage activation and damage

44
Q

What is Listeria’s mechanism of pathogenicity?

A

damage cell membranes

45
Q

What is Legionella’s mechanism of pathogenicity?

A

lung injury and inflammation

46
Q

What are the targets of vaccines?

A

bacteria and infected cells

47
Q

What are the targets of antibiotics?

A

bacterial surface and proteins

48
Q

How is the innate antiviral state established?

A

infected cell secretes type 1 IFN (alpha, beta) cytokines

49
Q

What is the alternative complement pathway?

A

complement (c3) binds directly to microbe surface

50
Q

What is the lectin complement pathway?

A

MBL (from liver) binds mannose and C4/C2

51
Q

LPS binds which TLR

52
Q

Peptidoglycan binds which TLRs?

A

1, 2, 5, 6

53
Q

dsRNA binds which TLR

54
Q

ssRNA and DNA bindd which TLR

55
Q

What is the innate inflammatory response to extracellular infection?

A

cytokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-6)
chemokines
adhesion molecules
costimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86)

56
Q

How is cytokines storm initiated?

A

no immune clearance or superantigens

57
Q

What cytokines are involved in cytokine sotrm?

A

TNF, IFN-gamma, IL-12

think th1 + th2 + innate

58
Q

What is the result of cytokine storm?

A

stimulation of adaptive immunity

  • B cell over-activation
  • cross reactive autoimmunity
59
Q

What is the result of intracellular bacterial infection?

A
    • IL-12 innate by M0
    • MHC-1 presentation to innate
    • stimulation of NK killing, NK secretes IFN-gamma (th1 response)
    • complement, opsonization
    • MHC2 stimulates IFN-gamma - IgG and ADCC, classical macrophage activation
60
Q

What is the innate response to intracellular bacterial infection?

61
Q

What is the innate response to extracellular bacterial infection?

A

inflammation

62
Q

What is the main adaptive response component to intracellular infection?

63
Q

What is the main adaptive response component to extracellular infection?

64
Q

How is the immune system activated primarily in intracellular infection?

A

upregulation of cell activation receptors

65
Q

How is the immune system activated primarily in extracellular bacterial infection?

A

endotoxins, exotoxins

66
Q

What are mechanisms of evasion in intracellular bacterial infection?

A

1) lysis inhibition
2) superantigens
3) septic shock

67
Q

Components of G+ bacteria

A

1) thick PTG
2) teichoic acid/lipoteichoic acid
3) low [lipids]
4) exotoxins
5) resistant to physical disruption but susceptible to Abx

68
Q

Components of G- bacteria

A

1) thin single layer PTG
2) periplasmic space
3) outer membrane
4) hi [LPS]
5) hi [lipids]
6) endotoxins
7) porins

PHS 932 (23 decks)

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