Biotechnology

Question 1

what is biotechnology

Answer 1

the use of living organisms or substances from a living organism that has developed a useful purpose (medicine, agriculture, environment)

Question 2

who found the first restriction enzyme

Answer 2

Hamilton smith (HINDII)

Question 3

recombinant DNA

Answer 3

creating a fragment of DNA composed of two samples obtained from different sources. or analyzing and altering genes and their respective proteins

Question 4

the function of restriction enzymes

Answer 4

molecular scissors (only cut specific base pair sequinces)
- fragment and break bonds

Question 5

requirements for restriction enzymes

Answer 5

the sequence must be 8 characters long and a palindrome

Question 6

when a restriction enzyme is in use what reaction does it cause to break the phosphodiester bond

Answer 6

hydrolysis

Question 7

sticky cut

Answer 7

both fragments have one extended side of DNA that is missing its complimentary base pairs

Question 8

blunt cut

Answer 8

fragments are fully base-paired

Question 9

Naming a restriction enzyme

Answer 9

based on the bacteria they originate from
first letter = initial of their genus category
second and third = initials of the species name
fourth= indicates the strain (of bacteria)
- a roman numeral at the end to indicate the order of discovery

Question 10

purpose of restriction enzymes in bacteria

Answer 10

acts as an immune system
- recognizing foreign DNA and chopping it up

Question 11

Methylases

Answer 11

an enzyme that adds methyl groups to the recognition site of the organism’s DNA so the restriction enzymes can identify their purpose

Question 12

purpose of Methylases

Answer 12

so restriction enzymes have a way to determine foreign DNA from the cells own DNA

Question 13

gel electrophoresis

Answer 13

the separation of charged molecules (DNA) through a gel meshwork on the basis of size

Question 14

what charge does DNA have and what gives it its charge

Answer 14

negative- phosphate groups

Question 15

process of gel electrophoresis

Answer 15

• a rectangular or square slab of gel is submerged into a buffer containing
  electrolytes and agarose
• connected to a power source (negative and positive charges at opposite ends)
• DNA is inserted via wells at the top of the slab
• an electrical current is run through the gel
• the negative electrons from the power source push the DNA fragments through the gel towards the positive end (like charges repel and opposites attract-push and pull)
• the smaller fragments go farther due to less resistance

Question 16

Marker DNA

Answer 16

• developed in a lab to meet the exact specifications of the gene of interest
• placed into the slab as well and which ever fragment lines up with the marker is the gene of interest

Question 17

staining

Answer 17

dye is used to stain the DNA inorder to help visualize the banding patterns

Question 18

does DNA have color?

Answer 18

no

Question 19

PCR

Answer 19

polymerase chain reaction

Question 20

what is PCR

Answer 20

the creation of DNA sequences by repeated cycles of strand separation and replication

Question 21

PCR process

Answer 21

1. break the hydrogen bonds separating the strands by using heat, specifically raising the temp to 94-96 degrees Celcius
2. lower temp to 50-65 degrees so primers can attach
3. Taq polymerase (found in hot springs) is used to build the complementary strand for BOTH strands
   - during this process, the temp must be raised to 72 degrees
4. then you repeat
   - each cycle doubles the amount of DNA in the machine

Question 22

CRISPR

Answer 22

Clustered regularly short palindromic repeats
- protein/RNA hybrid molecule

Question 23

CRISPR natural applications

Answer 23

• acts as bacteria immune system, cutting up foreign DNA

Question 24

CRISPR artificial applications

Answer 24

Genome editing
- the simplest, most versatile and precise method of genetic manipulation currently developed

Question 25

who developed CRISPR

Answer 25

Jennifer Douna and ammanuelle charpenteir

Question 26

how does CRISPR work

Answer 26

• Guide RNA (gRNA) is a small piece of pre-designed DNA that is inserted into the cell to target a particular gene of interest, usually about 20 base pairs long.
  (complementary to the target DNA)
• binds with cas9 guiding the enzyme to the correct part of the genome
• molecular scissors and a guide in one

Question 27

after cas9 has cut out the targeted segment of DNA

Answer 27

the cell recognizes the damage done to the DNA and tries to repair it
- this can be done by the cell itself leading to random base pairs causing mutations (this can help identify what gene codes for)
- or scientist can pre-design a segment of DNA that matches the length of the hole and insert it into the cell
- this allows for the removal of unwanted genes/mutations and allows for the insertion of new genes

Question 28

who discovered the CRISPR gene

Answer 28

yoshizumi Ishino in 1987

Question 29

who discovered viral DNA within the crispr gene

Answer 29

Eugene Koonin 2007

Question 30

who identified the importance of cas9 + tracrRNA

Answer 30

emmanuelle charpenteir in 2011

Question 31

who determined the mechanism to create CRSPR using biochemistry

Answer 31

Jennifer Duodna 2013

Question 32

who published the humanization and commercialization paper on CRISPR

Answer 32

Feng Zhang 2015

Question 33

who made the first genetically modified humans

Answer 33

He Jiankui 2018

Question 34

when did the two women responsible for cas9 win the nobel prize

Answer 34

2020

Question 35

potential benefits of CRISPR

Answer 35

-develop safer medical treatments
- cure diseases
- work with stem cells
- application in plants
- help humans better understand themselves