Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Board Exam Review > BIOMED > Flashcards

BIOMED Flashcards

1
Q

treatment for edema

A

protein, vitamin B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is torticolis?

A

a condition in which the head becomes persistently turned to one side, often associated w/ painful muscle spasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which hepatitis viruses can cause liver cirrhosis?

A

B and C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the urethra in men runs through the

A

prostate gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the olfactory nerve innervates the

A

olfactory lobe of the brain

cranial nerve I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

B cells are part of the _______ immune system

A

adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the mechanism of a sprained ankle?

A

ankle rolls outward, foot rolls inward (inversion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does the T10 nerve supply?

A

kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

kidneys convert vitamin D to

A

calcitrol (which is needed for adequate absorption from small intestine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how to determine due date of pregnant woman

A

280 days or 40 weeks from the first day of her last period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pain climbing up the esophagus, not relieved by eating, pain occurring 1-2 hours after eating, vomiting blood

A

symptoms of gastric ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where do most tears in the rotator cuff occur?

A

supraspinatus muscle and tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cough that does not go away or gets worse, chest pain that is worse w/ deep breathing, coughing, or laughing, hoarseness, weight loss, loss of appetite, coughing blood or rust-coloured sputum, shortness of breath, feeling tired or weak

A

symptoms of lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

gnawing burning hunger in stomach b/w meals, feeling of fullness, bloody or tarry stools, weight loss, chest pain

A

symptoms of peptic ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the cause of a degenerative tear of the rotator cuff?

A

wearing down of the tendon that occurs slowly over time;

more common in dominant arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the muscles of the posterior rotator cuff?

A

supraspinatus muscle, teres minor muscle, infraspinatus muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

true or false: triglycerides are a type of cholesterol

A

false; but they are a type of fat found in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what would you find in a blood test of a person diagnosed with Hep B?

A

antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

several organs and tissues that are not exclusively endocrine glands but contain cells that secrete hormones

A

hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestine, skin, heart, adipose tissue, placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

high triglycerides are associated with

A

excess weight, excess alcohol consumption, diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do the sacral nerves supply?

A

hip bones, buttocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the cause of scrofula?

A

TB, infection of lymph nodes of neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is piriformis syndrome?

A

inflammation or spasm of the piriformis muscle, causing compression of the sciatic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does the T4 nerve supply?

A

gall bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does the C6 nerve supply?

A

neck muscles, shoulders, tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the optic nerve innervates the

A

diencephalon

cranial nerve II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

RA of the knee will cause

A

permanent joint damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the most common symptoms of a rotator cuff tear?

A

pain at rest and at night, esp. when lying on affected shoulder, pain when lifting or lowering arm w/ specific movements, weakness when lifting or rotating arm, crepitus or crackling sensation when moving shoulder in certain positions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve goes to the

A

lower jaw bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

temperature from high to low

A

rectum, mouth, armpit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the largest bone in the body?

A

femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

which type of diabetes is always treated with insulin?

A

type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

highest body temperature of the day

A

between 1-6 p.m.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

referred pain in umbilical region of abdomen, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, pain moving to right lower quadrant, pressure rebounding pain, worsening of pain on examination when hand is placed firmly on abdomen and suddenly removed, pain on percussion, rigidity, guarding

A

symptoms of acute appendicitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

the “dub” sound (S2) made by the heart is caused by

A

the closure of aortic and pulmonary valves, marking the end of systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what does the T6 nerve supply?

A

stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

calculation for body fluid weight

A

body weight in kg x 60%

ex. 60kg x 60% = 36 kg of body fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what does the L4 nerve supply?

A

prostate gland, lower back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

the glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the

A

pharynx, tongue, salivary gland

cranial nerve IX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

RBCs are also called

A

erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is calcaneodynia?

A

heel pain due to a bone spur on the back of the heel at the insertion of the achilles tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

common cause of breast tumors (TCM)

A

blocked qi in LV meridian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is the cause of endemic simple goitre?

A

lack of iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is the function of bile?

A

to break down fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are causes of a torn meniscus?

A

falling, twisting knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is the narrowest part of the trachea in adults?

A

the Rima Glottidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

which vein does NOT contain deoxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary vein;

also umbilical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what does the L3 nerve supply?

A

sex organs, uterus, bladder, knees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

the time period elapsing b/w the first heart sound an the second heart sound defines

A

systole (ventricular ejection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve goes to the

A

eyes (around ST 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

the spinal accessory nerve innervates the

A

muscles of the neck and shoulder

cranial nerve XI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

the thymus is covered by

A

dense connective-tissue capsule, which sends fibres into the body of the thymus for support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

blood passes from the left ventricle through the

A

aortic valve – the the ascending aorta – coronary arteries supply blood to the heart wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

stage 4 breast cancer is marked by

A

widely spread tumours, supraclavicular lymphnodes enlarged, distal organs involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

where are T cells produced?

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what is the test for a torn meniscus?

A

Apley Grind test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what are basophils responsible for?

A

allergic reaction, leukemia, cancer, hypothyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

where do B cells mature?

A

spleen and other secondary lymphoid tissues;

here they differentiate into immunocompetent B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what does the T11 nerve supply?

A

kidneys, ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what are the features of scrofula?

A

pea-sized, hard, but movable lumps, cold abscess, rupture w/ clear pus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what are the main symptoms of acute bronchitis?

A

coughing yellow or green phlegm, usually appearing 24-48 hours after coughing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

parts of the external outer ear

A

auricle, helix, lobule, external auditory canal, ear wax, tympanic membrane (ear drum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what are the risk factors for rotator cuff tears?

A

people over 40, repetitive lifting or overhead activities, athletes (baseball pitchers, tennis players), traumatic injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what does the C3 nerve supply?

A

cheeks, outer ear, facial bones, teeth, facial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what does the L2 nerve supply?

A

appendix, abdomen, thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what are the features of stage 3 of frozen shoulder?

A

thawing stage, range of motion begins to improve, normal movement 5-26 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what are the features of a partial tear of the rotator cuff?

A

tear that damages the soft tissue, but does not completely sever it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

where are sperm stored?

A

testes or seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

calculation for blood weight

A

body weight in kg x 8%

ex. 60kg x 8% = 4.8 kg of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve goes to the

A

upper jaw bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

blood passes from the right atrium to the right ventricle via the

A

tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what are the muscles of the anterior rotator cuff?

A

supraspinatus muscle, subscapularis muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

stage 3 breast cancer tumours are marked by

A

tumours 3-5 cm, wide adhesions overlying skin, ulceration or sticking to muscles of thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

true or false: hemorrhoids can be internal or external

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what is Kernig’s sign?

A

test for meningitis
positive when the thigh is flexed at the hip and knee at 90 degree angles, and subsequent extension in the knee is painful (leading to resistance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

point over the right side of the abdomen, 1/3 of distance from ASIS to the umbilicus; this point roughly corresponds to most common location of the base of the appendix where it is attached to the cecum

A

McBurney’s point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

the hypoglossal nerve innervates the

A

tongue muscle

cranial nerve XII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what is the most commonly affected valve in rheumatic heart disease?

A

mitral valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

how many lobes does the thymus have?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what can improve (increase) breathing rate?

A

CO2 concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

what are the bones that make up the shoulder?

A

humerus, scapula, clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

where does fertilization take place?

A

in the ampulla of the fallopian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

the trochlear nerve innervates the

A

superior oblique eye muscle

cranial nerve IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

gastrointestinal substance remains in the _____ for the longest period of time

A

colon (3-10 hours)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what are some acupoints to treat inversion of the foot?

A

GB 31, BL 62, GB 40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

what is the function of B cells?

A

responsible for generating antibodies specific to antigens, which they bind via B cell receptors (BCR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

what is the largest bone in the foot?

A

calcaneus (heel bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

hallmark of Graves Disease

A

bulging eyes (as result of hyperthyroidism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

stiff neck is mainly due to tension in the

A

trapezius muscle (leads into SCM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

what is rheumatic valve disease caused by?

A

group A streptococcus, pancarditis, myocarditis, arrhythmia, atrial dilation, ventricular dysfx, heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

what does the C5 nerve supply?

A

vocal cords, neck, glands, pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

haemoptysis is NOT found in

A

chronic bronchial disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

which hepatitis viruses can be prevented with vaccines?

A

A and B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

what causes pernicious anemia?

A

B12 deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

the prostate gland is located

A

b/w the bladder and penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

what does the T3 nerve supply?

A

lungs, bronchial tubes, pleura, chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

the abducent nerve innervates the

A

external rectus muscle of the eyeball

cranial nerve VI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

when does plantar fasciitis usually feel worse?

A

morning

when stepping down/weight bearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

what is the mechanism of type 2 diabetes?

A

occurs when the body can’t properly use insulin that is released (insulin insensitivity), or does not make enough insulin, causing sugar to build up in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

function of platelets

A

stop bleeding

102
Q

what does the T7 nerve supply?

A

pancreas, duodenum

103
Q

what is the function of HDL?

A

helps carry LDL away from artery walls

104
Q

what are some symptoms of a torn ACL?

A

popping sound, knee giving out, swelling and pain

105
Q

what is the largest tendon in the body?

A

achilles tendon

106
Q

what is acute lumbar sprain?

A

sudden sprain or tear to muscles and ligaments supporting the back due to sudden movement

107
Q

what is a ganglion cyst?

A

a lump or sac of liquid arising joint to surrounding tissue on top of or covering a tendon

108
Q

what are some causes of an acute tear of the rotator cuff?

A

falling down on an outstretched arm, lifting something too heavy with a jerking motion, broken collarbone or dislocated shoulder

109
Q

what does the T1 nerve supply?

A

forearms, hands, wrists, fingers, esophagus, trachea

110
Q

what does the C7 nerve supply?

A

thyroid gland, shoulder bursa, elbows

111
Q

treatment principle for plantar fasciitis (TCM)

A

nourish KI meridian

112
Q

which facial nerve gives rise to taste?

A

facial nerve VII

113
Q

white blood cells are also known as

A

leukocytes

114
Q

what is the most commonly injured ligament in the knee?

A

ACL

115
Q

what causes glaucoma?

A

build up of aqueous humor, poor blood flow, and damage to the optic nerve

116
Q

the auditory nerve innervates the

A

side of the medulla

cranial nerve VIII

117
Q

hemorrhages in GI tract usually caused by

A

ulcers

118
Q

the left atrium receives blood from the lungs via the

A

pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)

119
Q

the vagus nerve innervates the

A

pharynx, heart, respiratory tract, pancreas, blood vessels, alimentary canal
cranial nerve X

120
Q

if pressure in the brain is high it will likely cause

A

heavy projectile vomiting

121
Q

causes of plantar fasciitis

A

excess running or standing on hard surfaces, excessive stretching

122
Q

what is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

prevents tibia from sliding out in front of the femur

123
Q

how is Hep C spread?

A

sex, blood, transfusions, mother-to-baby, razors, nail clippers, needles

124
Q

the leading cause of liver disease in Canada is

A

fatty liver disease

125
Q

what is the key part of treatment for diabetes?

A

monitoring blood sugar

126
Q

right upper abdominal pain, colic pain, pain that spreads to back or below right shoulder blade, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, loose, light-coloured stools, jaundice, itching, right upper abdominal fullness and discomfort just under diaphragm, pain radiating to tip of right scapula; symptoms occur after fatty meal and may be temporarily relieved by vomiting

A

symptoms of cholecystitis (gall stones)

127
Q

furuncle/folliculitis is caused by

A

staph infection

128
Q

where is the temperature regulation centre?

A

hypothalamus

129
Q

black stool or melena means volume of blood is

A

greater than 50ml

130
Q

Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of

A

infections such as abscesses, respiratory infections, food poisoning

131
Q

what is the function of insulin?

A

causes cells to take in sugar to use as energy or to store as fat

132
Q

Murphy’s Sign

A

ask patient to breathe out, then place hand under right costal margin at mid-clavicular line; then instruct patient to breathe in; is patient stops breathing in and winces w/ a ‘catch’ breath, test is considered positive

in order for test to be positive, same maneuver must no illicit pain when performed on left side

133
Q

if the right ventricle fails, blood will

A

back up in systemic veins –> kidneys cause increase in blood volume –> peripheral edema (in ankles and feet)

134
Q

neutrophil granulocytes (most common form of WBC) are significantly higher in patients with

A

acute appendicitis

135
Q

largest percentage of WBCs

A

neutrophils (75%)

136
Q

what is Brudinski’s sign?

A

test for meningitis

patient’s hips and knees flex when neck is flexed

137
Q

haemoptysis is found in

A

lung cancer, lung abscesses, TB, pneumonia, bronchitis, mitral stenosis heart disease

138
Q

what do the coccygeal nerves supply?

A

rectum, anus

139
Q

renal failure causes edema due to

A

salt and water retention and metabolic acidosis

140
Q

what does systolic BP indicate?

A

first reading; maximum contraction of the left ventricle

141
Q

what does the T9 nerve supply?

A

adrenal glands

142
Q

blood passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle via the

A

mitral valve (or bicuspid valve)

143
Q

soon after HBV enters the body, it infects cells in the liver called

A

hepatocytes;

immune system targets virus and hepatocytes already infected w/ virus, causing inflammation of the liver

144
Q

stage 2 breast cancer tumours are marked by

A

tumours < 5 cm, slight adhesions, enlarged lymph nodes on same side

145
Q

what is the cause of herniated disks at L3, L4, L5, S1?

A

physical pressure, chemical stimulation, or inflammation of roots of spinal canal

146
Q

upper left side or middle abdominal pain (pain is persistent or worse when lying flat on back), abdominal pain radiating to back or below left shoulder blade, abdominal pain worse immediately after eating foods high in fat, worse w/ alcohol, nausea, vomiting, tenderness when touching abdomen

A

symptoms of pancreatitis

147
Q

what is the biggest muscle in the body?

A 
quadriceps (in notes)
gluteus maximus (in real life)
148
Q

what is considered high blood pressure?

A

systolic reading of 140 or higher

149
Q

the trigeminal nerve is also known as

A

cranial nerve V

150
Q

the shoulder has which type of joint?

A

ball-and-socket

151
Q

which ligament is injured in a sprained ankle?

A

anterior talofibular ligament

152
Q

what is the function of T cells?

A

defend the body from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi

153
Q

parts of the inner ear (also called the labyrinth)

A

cochlea, cochlear duct, semicircular canals and ducts, stapes in oval windows, round windows

154
Q

fatigue, weakness, weight gain or increased difficulty in losing weight, coarse, dry hair, dry-rough-pale skin, hair loss, cold intolerance, muscle cramps and frequent muscle aches

A

symptoms of hypothyroidism

155
Q

arteries carry blood _____ the heart, veins carry blood _____ the heart

A

away from; to

156
Q

what does the T5 nerve supply?

A

liver, solar plexus, circulation

157
Q

what is patellar tendonitis (jumper’s knee)?

A

inflammation of the tendon connecting the knee cap to the tibia

158
Q

features of goitre

A

enlarged thyroid gland ranging from small to large masses, painless, soft bumps w/o edges, bilateral, movable

159
Q

when is growth hormone secretion the highest?

A

rapid wave sleep

160
Q

in pancreatitis, pancreatic cells release _____ instead of ________

A

trypsin; trypsinogen

161
Q

which blood vessels nourish the liver?

A

arterial blood from hepatic artery supplies O2 blood; portal vein supplies deoxygenated blood

162
Q

what is the mechanism of type 1 diabetes?

A

when immune system mistakenly attacks and kills beta cells of pancreas, causing sugar to build up in blood b/c of lack of insulin

163
Q

what does the C2 nerve supply?

A

eyes, ears, sinuses, tongue, forehead

164
Q

what does the T8 nerve supply?

A

spleen

165
Q

cirrhosis may cause

A

variceal bleeding, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy

166
Q

varicose veins are caused by

A

blood clots due to vein malfunction

167
Q

what are the two main types of cholesterol?

A

LDL and HDL

168
Q

the occulomotor nerve innervates the

A

eye muscles and ciliary body

cranial nerve III

169
Q

the thymus serves a vital role in training and development of

A

T-lymphocytes or T cells (type of WBC)

170
Q

which facial nerve is associated w/ Bell’s Palsy?

A

facial nerve VII

171
Q

which nerve is damaged in ‘drop foot’?

A

common peroneal nerve

172
Q

cirrhosis results from

A

permanent damage or scarring of the liver

173
Q

what is leukocytosis?

A

increase in WBCs

174
Q

spider angioma (spider nevus) is associated with

A

hepato-cirrhosis

175
Q

platelets are also called

A

thrombocytes

176
Q

stage 1 breast cancer tumours are marked by

A

tumours < 3 cm, no metastasis

177
Q

if the left ventricle fails and cannot pump out all the blood it receives, the blood will

A

back up into the lungs –> pulmonary edema

178
Q

stomach cancer often metastasizes in the

A

left supraclavicular lymphnode

179
Q

what are the features of stage 2 of frozen shoulder?

A

frozen stage, slow movement, stiffness remains 4-9 months, usage becomes more difficult

180
Q

what are some symptoms of a torn meniscus?

A

joint lock, clicking, tearing sound, popping sensation

181
Q

what is the cause of tennis elbow?

A

inflammation of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

182
Q

what are lymphocytes responsible for?

A

viral infections, leukemias

183
Q

what is the cause of prostatitis?

A

acute bacterial infection

184
Q

what is the function of blood cholesterol?

A

makes cell membranes, vitamin D, and hormones

185
Q

which muscle controls abduction (eversion) of the foot?

A

peroneus longus muscle

186
Q

what are the two conditions of frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis)?

A

pain

restricted movement

187
Q

where is food absorbed?

A

small intestine (food remains in SI 3-5 hours)

188
Q

what does diastolic BP indicate?

A

second reading; when the heart is relaxed and allows blood to flow into upper right

189
Q

what are the features of stage 1 of frozen shoulder?

A

freezing or painful stage, 6-9 weeks, slow onset of pain, pain with any shoulder movement, limited range of motion

190
Q

the thymus is more closely related with the _______ system than with the _______ system

A

immune; endocrine

191
Q

what is the least likely gland to develop cancer?

A

parathyroid

192
Q

what is the function of the collateral ligaments?

A

prevent femur from going side to side

193
Q

what kind of cancer in the lung is most common?

A

squamous cell carcinoma (accounts for 25% of all lung cancers; grows rapidly and spreads to other parts of body; common in smokers)

194
Q

what are the features of a ganglion cyst?

A

1-3 cm, immovable, common on back of hand, can rupture;

use syringe to remove liquid

195
Q

the anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments aid in

A

lateral support

196
Q

the “lub” sound (S1) made by the heart is caused by

A

turbulence caused by closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of systole

197
Q

what are the factors that contribute to degenerative or chronic rotator cuff tears?

A

repetitive stress, lack of blood supply, bone spurs (most often on underside of acromion)

198
Q

parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for

A

“rest and digest”

SLUDD: salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation, decreased heart rate, decreased diamater of airways, constriction of pupils

199
Q

which tests can be used to diagnose meningitis?

A

Brudinski’s sign, Kernig’s sign, lumbar puncture

200
Q

how does epinephrine increase cardiac output?

A

increases rate and force of contractions and vasodilates arterioles to help increase blood flow to cardiac muscles during exercise

201
Q

pain starting in centre of chest, spreading to left arm, neck, back, throat, or jaw; tightness, pressure, squeezing, and/or aching feeling in chest or arms; feeling of moderate to severe indigestion that is persistent; sharp, burning, or cramping pain; discomfort in neck or upper back, particularly b/w shoulder blades; numbness or loss of feeling in arms, shoulders, wrists; symptoms worse after exertion or emotional stress

A

symptoms of angina pain

202
Q

where is vitamin B12 mostly absorbed?

A

large intestine

203
Q

causes of stroke (TCM)

A

LV hyperactivity, disturbance of blood and body fluid

204
Q

parts of the middle ear

A

malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup), secondary tympanic membrane

205
Q

what is the narrowest part of the trachea in children?

A

the cricoid cartilage

206
Q

lowest body temperature of the day

A

between 2-5/6 a.m.

207
Q

what is ankylosing spondylitis?

A

inflammatory disease that can cause vertebrae in spine to fuse

208
Q

pain relieved by eating, pain not occurring until 3-4 hours after eating, melena, bloody stools

A

symptoms of duodenal ulcer

209
Q

what does the L1 nerve supply?

A

large intestine, inguinal rings

210
Q

what does the L5 nerve supply?

A

lower back, buttocks, thighs, legs, feet, sciatic nerve, large intestine

211
Q

what is the cause of a torn MCL?

A

blow to the OUTSIDE of the knee

212
Q

what does the C4 nerve supply?

A

nose, lips, mouth, eustachian tube

213
Q

what are the features of a full-thickness tear of the rotator cuff?

A

also called a complete tear; splits soft tissue into two pieces; in many cases, tendons tear off where they attach to the head of the humerus

214
Q

how is Hep A spread?

A

fecal contamination

215
Q

which part of the brain is responsible for balance?

A

cerebellum

216
Q

lung cancer often metastasizes in the

A

right supraclavicular lymph node

217
Q

what is the cause of carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

compression of the median nerve; felt in thumb, index, and middle fingers; pain worse at night

218
Q

erythropoietin is made in the

A

kidneys

219
Q

what are eosinophils responsible for?

A

allergic reaction

220
Q

what is the cause for decrease in pancreatic juice?

A

sugar

221
Q

the facial nerve innervates the

A

taste buds, salivary gland, facial and neck muscles

cranial nerve VII

222
Q

what is the primary function of T cells?

A

activate B cells and killer T cells

223
Q

about 90% of people with diabetes have type ___.

A

2

224
Q

cause of varicose veins (TCM)

A

deficiency and sinking of qi w/ blood stasis;

accumulation of cold and dampness w/ blood stasis

225
Q

function of hemoglobin

A

oxygen-carrying protein

226
Q

causes of low back pain

A

musculoskeletal including mechanical strain, spasm, osteoarthritis, herniated disks, spinal stenosis, compression fractures, ankylosing spondylitis

227
Q

true or false: children can be affected by type 2 diabetes

A

true, although it develops more often in adults

228
Q

high levels of _____ in the blood promote buildup of plaque in artery walls

A

LDL

229
Q

what does the T2 nerve supply?

A

heart, coronary arteries

230
Q

what is leukopenia?

A

too few WBCs

231
Q

where are B lymphocytes produced?

A

bone marrow

232
Q

how is Hep B spread?

A

sex, blood, transfusions, mother-to-baby

233
Q

what are the features of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

excessive cell growth of prostate gland, hypertrophy, enlarged prostate blocking urine/bladder, weak-stream urination, or urinary retention

234
Q

features of carbuncles

A

clustered boils, multiple draining points, pea-sized to golf ball size, yellow point in centre of heads

235
Q

the trigeminal nerve innervates the

A

snout, eyeball, lacrymal gland, lower eyelid, upper lip, upper jaw, gum, teeth
cranial nerve V

236
Q

which hepatitis virus can NOT be prevented with vaccines?

A

C

237
Q

what are monocytes responsible for?

A

viral or fungal infections, TB, chronic diseases

238
Q

what does the C1 nerve supply?

A

blood supply to head, pituitary gland, bones of face, brain, inner and middle ear

239
Q

what are neutrophils responsible for?

A

bacterial infection, acute inflammation; they are the earliest cells to arrive at site of infection/injury

240
Q

nervousness, anxiety, rapid heart rate, hand tremors, excessive sweating, weight loss, sleep problems, poor concentration

A

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

241
Q

the time b/w the second heart sound and the following first sound defines

A

diastole (ventricular filling)

242
Q

endocrine glands include

A

thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, adrenal, pineal

243
Q

_________ are the major driving force and main regulators of immune defence.

A

helper T cells

244
Q

what are the symptoms of prostatitis?

A

urgent, painful, burning, bloody urination

245
Q

what is the cause of sporadic secondary goitre?

A

hyper or hypothyroidism, drugs, cancer

246
Q

which muscle controls adduction (inversion) of the foot?

A

tibialis anterior

247
Q

where are RBCs destroyed?

A

by fixed macrophages in the liver and spleen

248
Q

which cells of the pancreas release insulin?

A

beta cells

249
Q

what does the T12 nerve supply?

A

small intestine, lymph circulation

250
Q

which acupoint stops facial artery bleeding?

A

ST 5

251
Q

sympathetic nervous system is responsible for

A

“fight or flight”

reduction in body functions, pupil dilation, increased heart rate, airway dilation, glucose release by liver

Board Exam Review (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions