BIOMED Flashcards
treatment for edema
protein, vitamin B
what is torticolis?
a condition in which the head becomes persistently turned to one side, often associated w/ painful muscle spasms
which hepatitis viruses can cause liver cirrhosis?
B and C
the urethra in men runs through the
prostate gland
the olfactory nerve innervates the
olfactory lobe of the brain
cranial nerve I
B cells are part of the _______ immune system
adaptive
what is the mechanism of a sprained ankle?
ankle rolls outward, foot rolls inward (inversion)
what does the T10 nerve supply?
kidneys
kidneys convert vitamin D to
calcitrol (which is needed for adequate absorption from small intestine)
how to determine due date of pregnant woman
280 days or 40 weeks from the first day of her last period
pain climbing up the esophagus, not relieved by eating, pain occurring 1-2 hours after eating, vomiting blood
symptoms of gastric ulcer
where do most tears in the rotator cuff occur?
supraspinatus muscle and tendon
cough that does not go away or gets worse, chest pain that is worse w/ deep breathing, coughing, or laughing, hoarseness, weight loss, loss of appetite, coughing blood or rust-coloured sputum, shortness of breath, feeling tired or weak
symptoms of lung cancer
gnawing burning hunger in stomach b/w meals, feeling of fullness, bloody or tarry stools, weight loss, chest pain
symptoms of peptic ulcer
what is the cause of a degenerative tear of the rotator cuff?
wearing down of the tendon that occurs slowly over time;
more common in dominant arm
what are the muscles of the posterior rotator cuff?
supraspinatus muscle, teres minor muscle, infraspinatus muscle
true or false: triglycerides are a type of cholesterol
false; but they are a type of fat found in the blood
what would you find in a blood test of a person diagnosed with Hep B?
antigen
several organs and tissues that are not exclusively endocrine glands but contain cells that secrete hormones
hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestine, skin, heart, adipose tissue, placenta
high triglycerides are associated with
excess weight, excess alcohol consumption, diabetes
what do the sacral nerves supply?
hip bones, buttocks
what is the cause of scrofula?
TB, infection of lymph nodes of neck
what is piriformis syndrome?
inflammation or spasm of the piriformis muscle, causing compression of the sciatic nerve
what does the T4 nerve supply?
gall bladder
what does the C6 nerve supply?
neck muscles, shoulders, tonsils
the optic nerve innervates the
diencephalon
cranial nerve II
RA of the knee will cause
permanent joint damage
what are the most common symptoms of a rotator cuff tear?
pain at rest and at night, esp. when lying on affected shoulder, pain when lifting or lowering arm w/ specific movements, weakness when lifting or rotating arm, crepitus or crackling sensation when moving shoulder in certain positions
the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve goes to the
lower jaw bone
temperature from high to low
rectum, mouth, armpit
what is the largest bone in the body?
femur
which type of diabetes is always treated with insulin?
type 1
highest body temperature of the day
between 1-6 p.m.
referred pain in umbilical region of abdomen, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, pain moving to right lower quadrant, pressure rebounding pain, worsening of pain on examination when hand is placed firmly on abdomen and suddenly removed, pain on percussion, rigidity, guarding
symptoms of acute appendicitis
the “dub” sound (S2) made by the heart is caused by
the closure of aortic and pulmonary valves, marking the end of systole
what does the T6 nerve supply?
stomach
calculation for body fluid weight
body weight in kg x 60%
ex. 60kg x 60% = 36 kg of body fluid
what does the L4 nerve supply?
prostate gland, lower back
the glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the
pharynx, tongue, salivary gland
cranial nerve IX
RBCs are also called
erythrocytes
what is calcaneodynia?
heel pain due to a bone spur on the back of the heel at the insertion of the achilles tendon
common cause of breast tumors (TCM)
blocked qi in LV meridian
what is the cause of endemic simple goitre?
lack of iodine
what is the function of bile?
to break down fat
what are causes of a torn meniscus?
falling, twisting knee
what is the narrowest part of the trachea in adults?
the Rima Glottidis
which vein does NOT contain deoxygenated blood?
pulmonary vein;
also umbilical
what does the L3 nerve supply?
sex organs, uterus, bladder, knees
the time period elapsing b/w the first heart sound an the second heart sound defines
systole (ventricular ejection)
the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve goes to the
eyes (around ST 2)
the spinal accessory nerve innervates the
muscles of the neck and shoulder
cranial nerve XI
the thymus is covered by
dense connective-tissue capsule, which sends fibres into the body of the thymus for support
blood passes from the left ventricle through the
aortic valve – the the ascending aorta – coronary arteries supply blood to the heart wall
stage 4 breast cancer is marked by
widely spread tumours, supraclavicular lymphnodes enlarged, distal organs involved
where are T cells produced?
bone marrow
what is the test for a torn meniscus?
Apley Grind test
what are basophils responsible for?
allergic reaction, leukemia, cancer, hypothyroid
where do B cells mature?
spleen and other secondary lymphoid tissues;
here they differentiate into immunocompetent B cells
what does the T11 nerve supply?
kidneys, ureter
what are the features of scrofula?
pea-sized, hard, but movable lumps, cold abscess, rupture w/ clear pus
what are the main symptoms of acute bronchitis?
coughing yellow or green phlegm, usually appearing 24-48 hours after coughing
parts of the external outer ear
auricle, helix, lobule, external auditory canal, ear wax, tympanic membrane (ear drum)
what are the risk factors for rotator cuff tears?
people over 40, repetitive lifting or overhead activities, athletes (baseball pitchers, tennis players), traumatic injury
what does the C3 nerve supply?
cheeks, outer ear, facial bones, teeth, facial nerves
what does the L2 nerve supply?
appendix, abdomen, thigh
what are the features of stage 3 of frozen shoulder?
thawing stage, range of motion begins to improve, normal movement 5-26 months
what are the features of a partial tear of the rotator cuff?
tear that damages the soft tissue, but does not completely sever it
where are sperm stored?
testes or seminiferous tubules
calculation for blood weight
body weight in kg x 8%
ex. 60kg x 8% = 4.8 kg of blood
the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve goes to the
upper jaw bone
blood passes from the right atrium to the right ventricle via the
tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)
what are the muscles of the anterior rotator cuff?
supraspinatus muscle, subscapularis muscle
stage 3 breast cancer tumours are marked by
tumours 3-5 cm, wide adhesions overlying skin, ulceration or sticking to muscles of thorax
true or false: hemorrhoids can be internal or external
true
what is Kernig’s sign?
test for meningitis
positive when the thigh is flexed at the hip and knee at 90 degree angles, and subsequent extension in the knee is painful (leading to resistance)
point over the right side of the abdomen, 1/3 of distance from ASIS to the umbilicus; this point roughly corresponds to most common location of the base of the appendix where it is attached to the cecum
McBurney’s point
the hypoglossal nerve innervates the
tongue muscle
cranial nerve XII
what is the most commonly affected valve in rheumatic heart disease?
mitral valve
how many lobes does the thymus have?
2
what can improve (increase) breathing rate?
CO2 concentration
what are the bones that make up the shoulder?
humerus, scapula, clavicle
where does fertilization take place?
in the ampulla of the fallopian tubes
the trochlear nerve innervates the
superior oblique eye muscle
cranial nerve IV
gastrointestinal substance remains in the _____ for the longest period of time
colon (3-10 hours)
what are some acupoints to treat inversion of the foot?
GB 31, BL 62, GB 40
what is the function of B cells?
responsible for generating antibodies specific to antigens, which they bind via B cell receptors (BCR)
what is the largest bone in the foot?
calcaneus (heel bone)
hallmark of Graves Disease
bulging eyes (as result of hyperthyroidism)
where do T cells mature?
thymus
stiff neck is mainly due to tension in the
trapezius muscle (leads into SCM)
what is rheumatic valve disease caused by?
group A streptococcus, pancarditis, myocarditis, arrhythmia, atrial dilation, ventricular dysfx, heart failure
what does the C5 nerve supply?
vocal cords, neck, glands, pharynx
haemoptysis is NOT found in
chronic bronchial disease
which hepatitis viruses can be prevented with vaccines?
A and B
what causes pernicious anemia?
B12 deficiency
the prostate gland is located
b/w the bladder and penis
what does the T3 nerve supply?
lungs, bronchial tubes, pleura, chest
the abducent nerve innervates the
external rectus muscle of the eyeball
cranial nerve VI
when does plantar fasciitis usually feel worse?
morning
when stepping down/weight bearing
what is the mechanism of type 2 diabetes?
occurs when the body can’t properly use insulin that is released (insulin insensitivity), or does not make enough insulin, causing sugar to build up in the blood
function of platelets
stop bleeding
what does the T7 nerve supply?
pancreas, duodenum
what is the function of HDL?
helps carry LDL away from artery walls
what are some symptoms of a torn ACL?
popping sound, knee giving out, swelling and pain
what is the largest tendon in the body?
achilles tendon
what is acute lumbar sprain?
sudden sprain or tear to muscles and ligaments supporting the back due to sudden movement
what is a ganglion cyst?
a lump or sac of liquid arising joint to surrounding tissue on top of or covering a tendon
what are some causes of an acute tear of the rotator cuff?
falling down on an outstretched arm, lifting something too heavy with a jerking motion, broken collarbone or dislocated shoulder
what does the T1 nerve supply?
forearms, hands, wrists, fingers, esophagus, trachea
what does the C7 nerve supply?
thyroid gland, shoulder bursa, elbows
treatment principle for plantar fasciitis (TCM)
nourish KI meridian
which facial nerve gives rise to taste?
facial nerve VII
white blood cells are also known as
leukocytes
what is the most commonly injured ligament in the knee?
ACL
what causes glaucoma?
build up of aqueous humor, poor blood flow, and damage to the optic nerve
the auditory nerve innervates the
side of the medulla
cranial nerve VIII
hemorrhages in GI tract usually caused by
ulcers
the left atrium receives blood from the lungs via the
pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)
the vagus nerve innervates the
pharynx, heart, respiratory tract, pancreas, blood vessels, alimentary canal
cranial nerve X
if pressure in the brain is high it will likely cause
heavy projectile vomiting
causes of plantar fasciitis
excess running or standing on hard surfaces, excessive stretching
what is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?
prevents tibia from sliding out in front of the femur
how is Hep C spread?
sex, blood, transfusions, mother-to-baby, razors, nail clippers, needles
the leading cause of liver disease in Canada is
fatty liver disease
what is the key part of treatment for diabetes?
monitoring blood sugar
right upper abdominal pain, colic pain, pain that spreads to back or below right shoulder blade, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, loose, light-coloured stools, jaundice, itching, right upper abdominal fullness and discomfort just under diaphragm, pain radiating to tip of right scapula; symptoms occur after fatty meal and may be temporarily relieved by vomiting
symptoms of cholecystitis (gall stones)
furuncle/folliculitis is caused by
staph infection
where is the temperature regulation centre?
hypothalamus
black stool or melena means volume of blood is
greater than 50ml
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of
infections such as abscesses, respiratory infections, food poisoning
what is the function of insulin?
causes cells to take in sugar to use as energy or to store as fat
Murphy’s Sign
ask patient to breathe out, then place hand under right costal margin at mid-clavicular line; then instruct patient to breathe in; is patient stops breathing in and winces w/ a ‘catch’ breath, test is considered positive
in order for test to be positive, same maneuver must no illicit pain when performed on left side
if the right ventricle fails, blood will
back up in systemic veins –> kidneys cause increase in blood volume –> peripheral edema (in ankles and feet)
neutrophil granulocytes (most common form of WBC) are significantly higher in patients with
acute appendicitis
largest percentage of WBCs
neutrophils (75%)
what is Brudinski’s sign?
test for meningitis
patient’s hips and knees flex when neck is flexed
haemoptysis is found in
lung cancer, lung abscesses, TB, pneumonia, bronchitis, mitral stenosis heart disease
what do the coccygeal nerves supply?
rectum, anus
renal failure causes edema due to
salt and water retention and metabolic acidosis
what does systolic BP indicate?
first reading; maximum contraction of the left ventricle
what does the T9 nerve supply?
adrenal glands
blood passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle via the
mitral valve (or bicuspid valve)
soon after HBV enters the body, it infects cells in the liver called
hepatocytes;
immune system targets virus and hepatocytes already infected w/ virus, causing inflammation of the liver
stage 2 breast cancer tumours are marked by
tumours < 5 cm, slight adhesions, enlarged lymph nodes on same side
what is the cause of herniated disks at L3, L4, L5, S1?
physical pressure, chemical stimulation, or inflammation of roots of spinal canal
upper left side or middle abdominal pain (pain is persistent or worse when lying flat on back), abdominal pain radiating to back or below left shoulder blade, abdominal pain worse immediately after eating foods high in fat, worse w/ alcohol, nausea, vomiting, tenderness when touching abdomen
symptoms of pancreatitis
what is the biggest muscle in the body?
quadriceps (in notes) gluteus maximus (in real life)
what is considered high blood pressure?
systolic reading of 140 or higher
the trigeminal nerve is also known as
cranial nerve V
the shoulder has which type of joint?
ball-and-socket
which ligament is injured in a sprained ankle?
anterior talofibular ligament
what is the function of T cells?
defend the body from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi
parts of the inner ear (also called the labyrinth)
cochlea, cochlear duct, semicircular canals and ducts, stapes in oval windows, round windows
fatigue, weakness, weight gain or increased difficulty in losing weight, coarse, dry hair, dry-rough-pale skin, hair loss, cold intolerance, muscle cramps and frequent muscle aches
symptoms of hypothyroidism
arteries carry blood _____ the heart, veins carry blood _____ the heart
away from; to
what does the T5 nerve supply?
liver, solar plexus, circulation
what is patellar tendonitis (jumper’s knee)?
inflammation of the tendon connecting the knee cap to the tibia
features of goitre
enlarged thyroid gland ranging from small to large masses, painless, soft bumps w/o edges, bilateral, movable
when is growth hormone secretion the highest?
rapid wave sleep
in pancreatitis, pancreatic cells release _____ instead of ________
trypsin; trypsinogen
which blood vessels nourish the liver?
arterial blood from hepatic artery supplies O2 blood; portal vein supplies deoxygenated blood
what is the mechanism of type 1 diabetes?
when immune system mistakenly attacks and kills beta cells of pancreas, causing sugar to build up in blood b/c of lack of insulin
what does the C2 nerve supply?
eyes, ears, sinuses, tongue, forehead
what does the T8 nerve supply?
spleen
cirrhosis may cause
variceal bleeding, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy
varicose veins are caused by
blood clots due to vein malfunction
what are the two main types of cholesterol?
LDL and HDL
the occulomotor nerve innervates the
eye muscles and ciliary body
cranial nerve III
the thymus serves a vital role in training and development of
T-lymphocytes or T cells (type of WBC)
which facial nerve is associated w/ Bell’s Palsy?
facial nerve VII
which nerve is damaged in ‘drop foot’?
common peroneal nerve
cirrhosis results from
permanent damage or scarring of the liver
what is leukocytosis?
increase in WBCs
spider angioma (spider nevus) is associated with
hepato-cirrhosis
platelets are also called
thrombocytes
stage 1 breast cancer tumours are marked by
tumours < 3 cm, no metastasis
if the left ventricle fails and cannot pump out all the blood it receives, the blood will
back up into the lungs –> pulmonary edema
stomach cancer often metastasizes in the
left supraclavicular lymphnode
what are the features of stage 2 of frozen shoulder?
frozen stage, slow movement, stiffness remains 4-9 months, usage becomes more difficult
what are some symptoms of a torn meniscus?
joint lock, clicking, tearing sound, popping sensation
what is the cause of tennis elbow?
inflammation of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
what are lymphocytes responsible for?
viral infections, leukemias
what is the cause of prostatitis?
acute bacterial infection
what is the function of blood cholesterol?
makes cell membranes, vitamin D, and hormones
which muscle controls abduction (eversion) of the foot?
peroneus longus muscle
what are the two conditions of frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis)?
pain
restricted movement
where is food absorbed?
small intestine (food remains in SI 3-5 hours)
what does diastolic BP indicate?
second reading; when the heart is relaxed and allows blood to flow into upper right
what are the features of stage 1 of frozen shoulder?
freezing or painful stage, 6-9 weeks, slow onset of pain, pain with any shoulder movement, limited range of motion
the thymus is more closely related with the _______ system than with the _______ system
immune; endocrine
what is the least likely gland to develop cancer?
parathyroid
what is the function of the collateral ligaments?
prevent femur from going side to side
what kind of cancer in the lung is most common?
squamous cell carcinoma (accounts for 25% of all lung cancers; grows rapidly and spreads to other parts of body; common in smokers)
what are the features of a ganglion cyst?
1-3 cm, immovable, common on back of hand, can rupture;
use syringe to remove liquid
the anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments aid in
lateral support
the “lub” sound (S1) made by the heart is caused by
turbulence caused by closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of systole
what are the factors that contribute to degenerative or chronic rotator cuff tears?
repetitive stress, lack of blood supply, bone spurs (most often on underside of acromion)
parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for
“rest and digest”
SLUDD: salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation, decreased heart rate, decreased diamater of airways, constriction of pupils
which tests can be used to diagnose meningitis?
Brudinski’s sign, Kernig’s sign, lumbar puncture
how does epinephrine increase cardiac output?
increases rate and force of contractions and vasodilates arterioles to help increase blood flow to cardiac muscles during exercise
pain starting in centre of chest, spreading to left arm, neck, back, throat, or jaw; tightness, pressure, squeezing, and/or aching feeling in chest or arms; feeling of moderate to severe indigestion that is persistent; sharp, burning, or cramping pain; discomfort in neck or upper back, particularly b/w shoulder blades; numbness or loss of feeling in arms, shoulders, wrists; symptoms worse after exertion or emotional stress
symptoms of angina pain
where is vitamin B12 mostly absorbed?
large intestine
causes of stroke (TCM)
LV hyperactivity, disturbance of blood and body fluid
parts of the middle ear
malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup), secondary tympanic membrane
what is the narrowest part of the trachea in children?
the cricoid cartilage
lowest body temperature of the day
between 2-5/6 a.m.
what is ankylosing spondylitis?
inflammatory disease that can cause vertebrae in spine to fuse
pain relieved by eating, pain not occurring until 3-4 hours after eating, melena, bloody stools
symptoms of duodenal ulcer
what does the L1 nerve supply?
large intestine, inguinal rings
what does the L5 nerve supply?
lower back, buttocks, thighs, legs, feet, sciatic nerve, large intestine
what is the cause of a torn MCL?
blow to the OUTSIDE of the knee
what does the C4 nerve supply?
nose, lips, mouth, eustachian tube
what are the features of a full-thickness tear of the rotator cuff?
also called a complete tear; splits soft tissue into two pieces; in many cases, tendons tear off where they attach to the head of the humerus
how is Hep A spread?
fecal contamination
which part of the brain is responsible for balance?
cerebellum
lung cancer often metastasizes in the
right supraclavicular lymph node
what is the cause of carpal tunnel syndrome?
compression of the median nerve; felt in thumb, index, and middle fingers; pain worse at night
erythropoietin is made in the
kidneys
what are eosinophils responsible for?
allergic reaction
what is the cause for decrease in pancreatic juice?
sugar
the facial nerve innervates the
taste buds, salivary gland, facial and neck muscles
cranial nerve VII
what is the primary function of T cells?
activate B cells and killer T cells
about 90% of people with diabetes have type ___.
2
cause of varicose veins (TCM)
deficiency and sinking of qi w/ blood stasis;
accumulation of cold and dampness w/ blood stasis
function of hemoglobin
oxygen-carrying protein
causes of low back pain
musculoskeletal including mechanical strain, spasm, osteoarthritis, herniated disks, spinal stenosis, compression fractures, ankylosing spondylitis
true or false: children can be affected by type 2 diabetes
true, although it develops more often in adults
high levels of _____ in the blood promote buildup of plaque in artery walls
LDL
what does the T2 nerve supply?
heart, coronary arteries
what is leukopenia?
too few WBCs
where are B lymphocytes produced?
bone marrow
how is Hep B spread?
sex, blood, transfusions, mother-to-baby
what are the features of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
excessive cell growth of prostate gland, hypertrophy, enlarged prostate blocking urine/bladder, weak-stream urination, or urinary retention
features of carbuncles
clustered boils, multiple draining points, pea-sized to golf ball size, yellow point in centre of heads
the trigeminal nerve innervates the
snout, eyeball, lacrymal gland, lower eyelid, upper lip, upper jaw, gum, teeth
cranial nerve V
which hepatitis virus can NOT be prevented with vaccines?
C
what are monocytes responsible for?
viral or fungal infections, TB, chronic diseases
what does the C1 nerve supply?
blood supply to head, pituitary gland, bones of face, brain, inner and middle ear
what are neutrophils responsible for?
bacterial infection, acute inflammation; they are the earliest cells to arrive at site of infection/injury
nervousness, anxiety, rapid heart rate, hand tremors, excessive sweating, weight loss, sleep problems, poor concentration
symptoms of hyperthyroidism
the time b/w the second heart sound and the following first sound defines
diastole (ventricular filling)
endocrine glands include
thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, adrenal, pineal
_________ are the major driving force and main regulators of immune defence.
helper T cells
what are the symptoms of prostatitis?
urgent, painful, burning, bloody urination
what is the cause of sporadic secondary goitre?
hyper or hypothyroidism, drugs, cancer
which muscle controls adduction (inversion) of the foot?
tibialis anterior
where are RBCs destroyed?
by fixed macrophages in the liver and spleen
which cells of the pancreas release insulin?
beta cells
what does the T12 nerve supply?
small intestine, lymph circulation
which acupoint stops facial artery bleeding?
ST 5
sympathetic nervous system is responsible for
“fight or flight”
reduction in body functions, pupil dilation, increased heart rate, airway dilation, glucose release by liver
