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N320 Biology Honors > BiologyC6Swavely > Flashcards

BiologyC6Swavely Flashcards

from Mr. Swavely's Quizlet group

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1
Q

cell theory

A

cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms, all cell come from preexisting cells

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2
Q

Robert Hooke

A

1665, first scientist to see a cell, cork, compound light microscope, saw tiny boxes and named it cells which means “little rooms” in Latin

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3
Q

Robert Brown

A

1831, discovered and named the nucleus

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4
Q

M.J. Schleiden

A

1831, dvanced the idea that plants are made up of cells that contain nuclei and cell fluid.

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5
Q

Theodor Schwann

A

1839, concluded that all animals are made of cells

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6
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

1695,Dutch pioneer microscopist who was among the first to recognize cells in animals and who gave the first accurate descriptions of microbes

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7
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

German pathologist who recognized that all cells come from cells by binary fission and who emphasized cellular abnormalities in disease

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8
Q

prokaryote

A

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, bacteria

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9
Q

eukaryote

A

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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10
Q

nucleoid

A

Area in prokaryotic cells in which DNA is concentrated, though not bounded by a membrane

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11
Q

plasmid

A

A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code

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12
Q

flagella

A

A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules, ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.

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13
Q

organelle

A

A membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell.

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14
Q

cell wall

A

A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists. In plant cells, the wall is formed of cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccharide-protein matrix.

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15
Q

nucleoli

A

Areas in nucleus with high concentrations of protein and RNA molecules; ribosomes assembled here

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16
Q

plasma membrane

A

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

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17
Q

nucleus

A

Control center of the cell; contains most of cell’s genetic information in DNA, which condenses to form chromosomes during mitosis

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18
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a microscopic network of hollow microtubles, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape, internal organization, and movement

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19
Q

lysosome

A

site of intracellular digestion; formed by budding from Golgi apparatus; fuses with vesicles containing food particles ingested by cell

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20
Q

centrioles

A

tubular structures formed of microtubles; occur in pairs during interphase; duplicate prior to mitosis and form organizing centers for mitotic spindles in protist and animal cells

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21
Q

mitochondrion

A

enclosed in double membrane; inner membrane folded; most reactions of cellular respiration

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22
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down; lacks ribosomes

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23
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm

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24
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

system of flattened sacs that modifies, sorts, and packages macromolecules in vesicles for secretion or delivery to other organelles

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25
Q

cytosol

A

fluid material surrounding organelles; contains enzymes that catalyze cellular reactions

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26
Q

chloroplast

A

enclosed by a double membrane; this membrane system forms thylakoids in which light-absorbing pigments are embedded. All reactions of photosynthesis occur in chloroplasts

27
Q

vacuole

A

large vesicle enclosed in single membrane; may occupy more than 50% of volume in plant cells; contains water and digestive enzymes; stores nutrients and waste products

28
Q

nuclear pore

A

structures in the nuclear envelope that allow passage of certain materials between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm

29
Q

cilia

A

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

30
Q

tight junction

A

membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

31
Q

gap junction

A

Points that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another with special membrane proteins. Also called communicating junctions.

32
Q

desmosome

A

Anchoring junctions that prevents cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart; button like thickenings of adjacent plasma membranes connected by fine protein filaments

33
Q

tonoplast

A

A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the vacuolar contents, called cell sap; also known as the vacuolar membrane.

34
Q

nucleolus

A

A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes

35
Q

nuclear membrane

A

A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

36
Q

peroxisome

A

Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals

37
Q

vesicle

A

A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell.

38
Q

leukoplast

A

A type of plastid found only in plant cells, store starches for the plant cell

39
Q

chromoplast

A

A type of plastid that contain colorful pigments that may or may not be involved in photosynthesis.

40
Q

ECM

A

Extracellular Matrix, the substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides synthesized and secreted by cells.

41
Q

microvilli

A

Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorbtion, exist on every moist epithelia, but most dense in small intestine and kidney

42
Q

microtubles

A

Hollow tubes, like plumbing pipes that maintain the shape of the cell and serve as tracks for organelles to move along within the cell.

43
Q

plasmodesmata

A

An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells

44
Q

colonies

A

groups of microscopic colonies

45
Q

Volvox

A

Colonial green algae

46
Q

Chlamydomonas

A

A single celled green alga, a small egg shaped cell with 2 flagella and a single chloroplast has two small contractile vacuoles.

47
Q

biofilm

A

A surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation.

48
Q

division of labor

A

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different cell types and organelles

49
Q

epidermis

A

Outer layer of skin

50
Q

tissue

A

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

51
Q

organ

A

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

52
Q

organ system

A

A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.

53
Q

organism

A

a group of organ systems

54
Q

cytoplasm

A

Consists of organelles, cytoskeleton, and cytosol

55
Q

ribosomes

A

A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits.

56
Q

leukoplast

A

found only in plant cells, store starches for the plant cell

57
Q

chromoplast

A

Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis

58
Q

intermediate filaments

A

Threadlike proteins in the cell’s cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments

59
Q

desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions that prevents cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart; button like thickenings of adjacent plasma membranes connected by fine protein filaments

60
Q

gap junctions

A

Points that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another with special membrane proteins. Also called communicating junctions.

61
Q

cell specialization

A

Separate roles for each type of cell in multicellular organisms

62
Q

levels of organization

A

Atom; Molecule; Organelle; Cell; Tissue; Organ; Organ System; Organism; Population; Community; Ecosystem; Biosphere

63
Q

prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus, Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus

64
Q

anchoring junction

A

fasten animal cells together into sheets with rivots

N320 Biology Honors (15 decks)

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