BiologyC6Swavely Flashcards
from Mr. Swavely's Quizlet group
cell theory
cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms, all cell come from preexisting cells
Robert Hooke
1665, first scientist to see a cell, cork, compound light microscope, saw tiny boxes and named it cells which means “little rooms” in Latin
Robert Brown
1831, discovered and named the nucleus
M.J. Schleiden
1831, dvanced the idea that plants are made up of cells that contain nuclei and cell fluid.
Theodor Schwann
1839, concluded that all animals are made of cells
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1695,Dutch pioneer microscopist who was among the first to recognize cells in animals and who gave the first accurate descriptions of microbes
Rudolf Virchow
German pathologist who recognized that all cells come from cells by binary fission and who emphasized cellular abnormalities in disease
prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, bacteria
eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
nucleoid
Area in prokaryotic cells in which DNA is concentrated, though not bounded by a membrane
plasmid
A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code
flagella
A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules, ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.
organelle
A membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell.
cell wall
A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists. In plant cells, the wall is formed of cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccharide-protein matrix.
nucleoli
Areas in nucleus with high concentrations of protein and RNA molecules; ribosomes assembled here
plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
nucleus
Control center of the cell; contains most of cell’s genetic information in DNA, which condenses to form chromosomes during mitosis
cytoskeleton
a microscopic network of hollow microtubles, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape, internal organization, and movement
lysosome
site of intracellular digestion; formed by budding from Golgi apparatus; fuses with vesicles containing food particles ingested by cell
centrioles
tubular structures formed of microtubles; occur in pairs during interphase; duplicate prior to mitosis and form organizing centers for mitotic spindles in protist and animal cells
mitochondrion
enclosed in double membrane; inner membrane folded; most reactions of cellular respiration
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down; lacks ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm
Golgi apparatus
system of flattened sacs that modifies, sorts, and packages macromolecules in vesicles for secretion or delivery to other organelles
cytosol
fluid material surrounding organelles; contains enzymes that catalyze cellular reactions
chloroplast
enclosed by a double membrane; this membrane system forms thylakoids in which light-absorbing pigments are embedded. All reactions of photosynthesis occur in chloroplasts
vacuole
large vesicle enclosed in single membrane; may occupy more than 50% of volume in plant cells; contains water and digestive enzymes; stores nutrients and waste products
nuclear pore
structures in the nuclear envelope that allow passage of certain materials between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm
cilia
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion
tight junction
membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
gap junction
Points that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another with special membrane proteins. Also called communicating junctions.
desmosome
Anchoring junctions that prevents cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart; button like thickenings of adjacent plasma membranes connected by fine protein filaments
tonoplast
A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the vacuolar contents, called cell sap; also known as the vacuolar membrane.
nucleolus
A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes
nuclear membrane
A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
peroxisome
Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals
vesicle
A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell.
leukoplast
A type of plastid found only in plant cells, store starches for the plant cell
chromoplast
A type of plastid that contain colorful pigments that may or may not be involved in photosynthesis.
ECM
Extracellular Matrix, the substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides synthesized and secreted by cells.
microvilli
Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorbtion, exist on every moist epithelia, but most dense in small intestine and kidney
microtubles
Hollow tubes, like plumbing pipes that maintain the shape of the cell and serve as tracks for organelles to move along within the cell.
plasmodesmata
An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells
colonies
groups of microscopic colonies
Volvox
Colonial green algae
Chlamydomonas
A single celled green alga, a small egg shaped cell with 2 flagella and a single chloroplast has two small contractile vacuoles.
biofilm
A surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation.
division of labor
Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different cell types and organelles
epidermis
Outer layer of skin
tissue
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
organ
A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
organ system
A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.
organism
a group of organ systems
cytoplasm
Consists of organelles, cytoskeleton, and cytosol
ribosomes
A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits.
leukoplast
found only in plant cells, store starches for the plant cell
chromoplast
Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis
intermediate filaments
Threadlike proteins in the cell’s cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments
desmosomes
Anchoring junctions that prevents cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart; button like thickenings of adjacent plasma membranes connected by fine protein filaments
gap junctions
Points that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another with special membrane proteins. Also called communicating junctions.
cell specialization
Separate roles for each type of cell in multicellular organisms
levels of organization
Atom; Molecule; Organelle; Cell; Tissue; Organ; Organ System; Organism; Population; Community; Ecosystem; Biosphere
prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus, Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus
anchoring junction
fasten animal cells together into sheets with rivots
