BiologyC1Swavely Flashcards
from Mr. Swavely's Quizlet group
Biochemistry
Chemistry dealing with chemical compounds and processes in living plants and animals
atom
Basic unit of matter
proton
A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
electron
A subatomic particle that has a negative charge
neutron
A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
compound
A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
molecule
A group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.
element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
periodic table
A table that shows the elements, their atomic number, symbol, and average atomic mass; elements with similar chemical properties are grouped together.
subatomic particles
Particles inside an atom (protons, neutrons, electrons)
atomic number
Number of protons in an atom
atomic mass
The average mass of all the isotopes of an element
isotope
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
electron shells
An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.
chemical bond
An attractive force that holds together the atoms, ions, or groups of atoms in a molecule or compound.
chemical reaction
A process during which chemical bonds between atoms are broken and new ones are formed. Producing one or more different substances.
synthesis reaction
A reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound
decomposition reaction
A reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances
single replacement reaction
A chemical reaction that occurs when the atoms of one element replace the atoms of another element in a compound
activation energy
The amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur.
substrate
A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme
product
A chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction
law of conservation of matter
Matter is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions
cell
Basic unit of life
ionic bond
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
covalent bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
hydrogen bond
A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
anion
A negatively charged ion
cation
A positively charged ion
chemical formula
A combination of symbols that represents the elements in a compound.
structural formula
A type of molecular notation in which the constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds.
cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
isomer
Compounds with the same formula but different structures.
glucose
C6H12O6
hydronium ion
H3O+
hydrogen ion
H+
hydroxide ion
OH-
pH scale
Measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14
base
A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
acid
A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
neutral
7
solvent
A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
solution
A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.
organic
Contain carbon and hydrogen, and formed by living things or once living things
inorganic
Not formed from living things or the remains of living things
monomer
A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
macromolecule
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
carbon skeleton
The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule
monosaccharide
A single sugar molecule such as glucose, fructose, or galactose; the simplest type of sugar.
disaccharide
A molecule composed of two monosaccharides. Common disaccharides include maltose, sucrose, and lactose.
polysaccharide
A molecule formed by joining many monosaccharides together. Typically energy-storage molecules (glycogen in animals, starch in plants) or structural molecules (cellulose in plants, chitin in exoskeletons).
pentose
5 carbon sugar
hexose
6 carbon sugar
lipid
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
hydrophobic
Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.
glycerol
Three-carbon compound with three hydroxyl groups; component of fats and oils.
fatty acid
A long carbon skeleton, with usually 16-18 carbons, at the end has a carboxyl group attached to a hydrocarbon
nonpolar
a molecule in which all atoms have the same electronegativity and the electron distribution is equal
saturated
Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens.
hydrogenated
a process by which hydrogens are added to unsaturated fats, increasing the degree of saturation and turning liquid oils into solid fats
unsaturated
Fat with less than the maximum number of hydrogens in one or more of its fatty acid chains
phospholipid
A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
cholesterol
A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.
protein
An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells
amino acid
Building blocks of protein
enzyme
A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing
R group
a functional group that defines a particular amino acid and gives it special properties.
amino group
A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.
acid group
contains carbon double bonded to an oxygen, single bonded to another oxygen, and has a negative charge
carboxyl group
-COOH
primary structure
The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.
secondary structure
The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between amino acids.
tertiary structure
3D shape of single polypeptide using hydrogen, hydrophobic forces, ionic, covalent, disulfide bonding
hydrophobicity
the tendency for nonpolar amino acids to avoid water
quaternary
The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.
denaturation
A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature. Also refers to the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors.
nucleic acid
Any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains that are vital constituents of all living cells
nucleotide
A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
DNA
A long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA
A long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes; ribonucleic acid
purine
Adenine and Guanine that consist of two organic nitrogen ring structures
pyrimidine
A class of nucleotides that includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil, 1 nitrogen ring
phosphate group
A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms
double helix
The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.
James Watson
- Built first accepted DNA model explaining specific structure and properties of DNA.
Francis Crick
English biochemist who (with Watson in 1953) helped discover the helical structure of DNA (born in 1916)
Rosalind Franklin
British scientist; use X-ray diffraction on a DNA molecule; research wasn’t clear; she was not credited with the discovering of the double helix
Maurice Wilkins
Worked to make an X-ray crystallography of DNA and found it to be a double helix of uniform diameter (~ 2nm) with Rosalind Franklin
adenine
The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA
thymine
A single-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA. Pairs with Adenine.
guanine
A nitrogen-containing organic base found in nucleic acids. It pairs with cytosine.
cytosine
A nucleotide that binds with guanine; a pyrimidine
uracil
a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine
antiparallel
The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.
tRNA
transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
mRNA
A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein
rRNA
A globular RNA that is combined with special protein that makes up a ribosome
gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
codon
A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid