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N320 Biology Honors > BiologyC5Swavely > Flashcards

BiologyC5Swavely Flashcards

from Mr. Swavely's Quizlet group

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1
Q

cell respiration

A

A series of oxidative reactions by which cells gradually release energy from glucose and transfer it to molecules of ATP

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2
Q

aerobic

A

Chemical reactions that require the presence of oxygen

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3
Q

anaerobic

A

Chemical reactions that do not require oxygen.

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4
Q

metabolism

A

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

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5
Q

oxidation

A

A chemical change in which a substance combines with oxygen,and the substance loses electrons

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6
Q

cell respiration equation

A

602 + C6H12O6 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

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7
Q

glycolysis

A

Catabolism of glucose or other monosaccharides to pyruvate and 2 molecules of ATP in the absence of oxygen or presence of oxygen

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8
Q

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

A

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

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9
Q

NAD+

A

(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) electron carrier involved in glycolysis, oxidized form of NADH

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10
Q

FAD

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide, a compound that acts as a hydrogen acceptor in dehydrogenation reactions; oxidized form of FADH2

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11
Q

electron transport system

A

a series of electron carrier molecules found in the inner membrane of mitochondria, that extract energy from electrons and generate ATP or other energetic molecules.

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12
Q

FADH2

A

A molecule that stores energy for harvest by the electron transport chain. Equivalent to 2 ATP

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13
Q

NADH

A

An energy-carrying coenzyme produced by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. NADH carries energy to the electron transport chain, where it is stored in ATP. Equivalent to 3 ATP

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14
Q

lactate (lactic acid)

A

A 3-Carbon compound produced from pyruvate during anaerobic metabolism.

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15
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, with no release of carbon dioxide.

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16
Q

mitochondria

A

Organelles responsible for ATP generation for cellular activities.

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17
Q

catalyze

A

To speed up, change the rate of

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18
Q

acetate (acetic acid)

A

molecule that enters the Krebs cycle and is carried by CoA

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19
Q

coenzyme A

A

A nonprotein molecule that is required for many cellular reactions involving transfer of acetyl groups (-COCH3).

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20
Q

citrate (citric acid)

A

A 6-carbon molecule; it is synthesized from oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA in the first step of the Krebs Cycle.

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21
Q

ketoglutarate

A

The start point of simple amino acid synthisis, and also a member of the Kreb’s cycle. Has 5 carbons

22
Q

oxaloacetate

A

A four-carbon molecule that binds with the two-carbon acetyl unit of acetyl-CoA to form citric acid in the first step of the Krebs cycle.

23
Q

cytochrome

A

An iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria

24
Q

pyruvate

A

Organic compound with a backbone of three carbon atoms. Two molecules form as end products of glycolysis

25
Q

facultative aerobes

A

can live with or without oxygen

26
Q

obligate aerobes

A

An organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it.

27
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

Cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

28
Q

ethanol fermentation

A

A type of yeast anerobic metabolism in which pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide for the purpose of regenerating NAD+ to keep glycolysis going and at least yield 2 net ATP.

29
Q

phosphorylation

A

The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule.

30
Q

acetic acid fermentation

A

If oxygen is in short Supply, the pyruvic acid made in glycolysis will be converted to acetic acid. Bacteria can change alcohol to vinegar

31
Q

ATP synthetase

A

an enzyme complex in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion and the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that catalyzes the formation of ATP.

32
Q

matrix

A

Krebs cycle location

33
Q

cytoplasm

A

location of glycolysis

34
Q

cristae

A

Foldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondria that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

35
Q

enzyme cascade

A

sequence of reactions triggered by an activated visual pigment molecule that results in signal transduction and amplifies production of the enzyme needed

36
Q

epinephrine

A

Adrenalin

37
Q

protein kinase

A

An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein.

38
Q

hydrolysis

A

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

39
Q

PFK

A

Rate determining enzyme for glycolysis, stimulated by ADP and suppressed by ATP; phosphofructokinase

40
Q

glycogen

A

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

41
Q

leptin

A

A hormone produced by fat cells that acts in the brain to inhibit hunger and regulate body weight

42
Q

biosynthesis

A

Making of complex molecules for cellular structure

43
Q

cyanide

A

An extremely poisonous salt of hydrocyanic acid.

44
Q

38 ATP

A

ATP made in aerobic respiration

45
Q

2 net ATP

A

How many ATP are made in the glycolysis part of cellular respiration

46
Q

8 NADH

A

Amount of NADH produced in Krebs cycle

47
Q

2 FADH2

A

Amount of FADH2 produced in Krebs cycle

48
Q

2 NADH

A

Amount of NADH produced in Glycolysis

49
Q

ATP

A

Main energy source that cells use for most of their work.(adenosine triphosphate)

50
Q

decarboxylation

A

The removal of CO2 from a molecule

51
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

A process occurring in the inner membrane of the mitochondria that results in the formation of ATP from the flow of electrons across the inner membrane to bind with oxygen.

52
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

ATP synthesis is directly coupled with the decomposition of glucose without the participation of an intermediate molecule like NAD⁺ during the Krebs cycle.

N320 Biology Honors (15 decks)

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