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N320 Biology Honors > BiologyC3Swavely > Flashcards

BiologyC3Swavely Flashcards

from Mr. Swavely's Quizlet group

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1
Q

phospholipid

A

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

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2
Q

osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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3
Q

cell membrane

A

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

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4
Q

diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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5
Q

selectively permeable

A

A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot

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6
Q

concentration gradient

A

A difference in concentration between two areas.

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7
Q

active transport

A

the movement of materials through a cell membrane using ATP

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8
Q

passive transport

A

Requires no ATP; movement of molecules from high to low concentration, moves down the concentration gradient

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9
Q

symport

A

A membrane transport process that carries two substances in the same direction across the membrane.

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10
Q

antiport

A

A membrane transport process that carries one substance in one direction and another in the opposite direction.

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11
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

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12
Q

aquaporin

A

A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane

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13
Q

turgor pressure

A

Pressure that is exerted on the inside of cell walls and that is caused by the movement of water into the cell

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14
Q

transport protein

A

A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane.

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15
Q

cytoplasm

A

The fluid and the organelles inside the cell

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16
Q

cytosol

A

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

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17
Q

glycoprotein

A

A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.

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18
Q

glycolipid

A

carbohydrates covalently bonded to lipids

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19
Q

polar

A

Describes a molecule with opposite charges on opposite ends.

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20
Q

nonpolar

A

a molecule in which all atoms have the same electronegativity and the electron distribution is equal

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21
Q

cholesterol

A

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.

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22
Q

hypertonic

A

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

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23
Q

isotonic

A

Describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell

24
Q

hypotonic

A

A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than another.

25
Q

phagocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis in which cells engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris

26
Q

pinocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

27
Q

endocytosis

A

Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane. Active transport

28
Q

exocytosis

A

An active transport mechanism by which substances are moved from the cell interior to the extracellular space as a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane.

29
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.

30
Q

coupled reaction

A

reactions that occur in the same place, at the same time, and in such a way that an energy-releasing (exergonic) reaction drives an energy requiring (endergonic) reaction.

31
Q

gills

A

Extensions of the body containing thin-walled blood vessels that allow for easy absorption of oxygen from the outside surface

32
Q

counter current exchange

A

2 substances (blood & water) flowing in opposite directions of each other that maximize a gradient for exchange

33
Q

spiracles

A

breathing tubes of insects located on abdomen

34
Q

stomata

A

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.

35
Q

guard cells

A

The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.

36
Q

transpiration

A

Process by which water that is absorbed by plants, usually through the roots, is evaporated into the atmosphere

37
Q

respiratory system

A

A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

38
Q

lung

A

pair of spongy organs of respiration in which blood is aerated

39
Q

diaphragm

A

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

40
Q

intercostals

A

A group of several muscles that run in between the ribs. Help expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity when you breathe.

41
Q

scalenes

A

3 muscles on each side of neck; that help with breathing

42
Q

alveoli

A

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

43
Q

cuticle

A

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.

44
Q

homeostasis

A

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

45
Q

contractile vacuole

A

saclike organelles that expand to collect excess water and contract to squeeze the water out of the cell

46
Q

lysis

A

destruction of cells such as blood cells or bacteria

47
Q

urea

A

A waste product of protein breakdown, produced by the liver and relased into the bloodstream to be eliminated by the kidney.

48
Q

uric acid

A

An insoluble precipitate of nitrogenous waste excreted by land snails, insects, birds, & some reptiles

49
Q

kidney

A

Filters waste from the blood like urea, water, salt and proteins.

50
Q

nephron

A

Functional unit of the kidney

51
Q

glomerulus

A

A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney.

52
Q

loop of henle

A

-u-shaped turn located in the convoluted tubule of the kidney located between the proximal & distal tubule

53
Q

adrenal gland

A

A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones such as aldosterone

54
Q

aldosterone

A

Potassium-releasing hormone. Acts on the protein gates of the DCT and prevents hyperkalemia.

55
Q

anti-diuretic hormone

A

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that increases the permeability of cells membranes, so they absorb more water, especially from urine, that results in small amounts of concentrated urine

56
Q

urinary system

A

a system that helps maintain the water and electrolyte (sodium, chloride, potassium) balance within the body; regulates the acid-base balance of the blood, and removes nitrogen-containing wastes (byproducts of the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids) from the body.

N320 Biology Honors (15 decks)

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