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Biology Unit 2 > Biology Unit 3- chapter 14 > Flashcards

Biology Unit 3- chapter 14 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gene definition

A

a hereditary factor that influences a particular trait.

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2
Q

Autosomal inheritance definition

A

the pattern of inheritance of any genes not on a sex chromosome. These are “standard” patterns of inheritance.

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3
Q

allele definition

A

a particular form of a gene

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4
Q

genotype definition

A

a listing of all the alleles of particular genes in an individual.

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5
Q

phenotype definition

A

an individual’s observable traits

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6
Q

homozygous definition

A

having two of the same allele

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7
Q

heterozygous definition

A

having two different alleles

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8
Q

dominant allele definition

A

an allele that produces its phenotype in heterozygous and homozygous genotypes

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9
Q

recessive allele definition

A

an allele that produces its phenotype only in homozygous genotypes

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10
Q

pure line definition

A

individuals of the same phenotype that, when crossed, always produce offspring with the same phenotype

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11
Q

hybrid definition

A

offspring from crosses between homozygous parents with different genotypes

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12
Q

reciprocal cross definition

A

a cross in which the phenotypes of the male and female are reversed compared with a prior cross.

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13
Q

testcross definition

A

a cross of homozygous recessive individual and an individual with the dominant phenotype but unknown genotype

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14
Q

X-linked definition

A

referring to a gene located on the X chromosome

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15
Q

Y-linked definition

A

referring to a gene located on the Y chromosome

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16
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel?

A

Augustinian priest, botanist, and early geneticist in what is now the Czech Republic; did his work with pea plants

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17
Q

what was mendel’s work with the pea plants?

A

identified the characteristics of pea plants and how they reproduce with those characteristics

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18
Q

plants female reproductive organs

A

carpel

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19
Q

plants male reproductive organs

A

stamen

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20
Q

what is a “perfect flower”

A

each flower has both male and female reproductive structures

21
Q

what is the other name for self-fertilization?

A

selfing

22
Q

what is the other name for cross-fertilization?

A

outcrossing

23
Q

what does reciprocal cross mean?

A

one gene from each parents into offspring

24
Q

what was mendel’s research with reciprocal crosses?

A

he wanted to see if inheritance varies based on which parents contributes the traits

25
Q

what were the results of the test with reciprocal crossing?

A

it makes no difference whether the genetic determinant for seed shape comes from the male gamete or from the female gamete

26
Q

how did the experiment with blending hypothesis of inheritance go?

A

when combining one plant with round seeds and another with wrinkled, whichever one is dominant will show up more frequently

27
Q

true breeding lines are ______, they have two identical alleles for the gene that encodes that specific trait

A

homozygous

28
Q

the progeny of the cross of two different homozygotes are _______, they have two different alleles for that gene.

A

heterozygous

29
Q

what is monohybrid cross

A

crossing two individuals that are each heterozygous for the same trait

30
Q

what are the five claims that Mendel made?

A
  1. Peas have two copies of each gene and thus may have two different alleles of the gene.
  2. genes are particles of inheritance that do not blend together.
  3. each gamete contains one copy of each gene (one allele).
  4. males and females contribute equally to the genotype of their offspring.
  5. some alleles are dominant to other alleles.
31
Q

what is the hypothesis of independent assortment?

A

alleles of different genes don’t stay together when gametes form

32
Q

what is the hypothesis of dependent assortment?

A

alleles of different genes stay together when gametes form

33
Q

what kind of assortment does meiosis favor?

A

independent

34
Q

as long as two genes are located on different chromosomes, ________

A

independent assortment is a natural consequence

35
Q

linkage definition

A

when two genes are on the same chromosome

36
Q

recombinant genotypes

A

mixing between X chromosomes, happens from crossing over

37
Q

what conditions are best for crossing over?

A

the genes that are crossing over to be far apart on the chromosome

38
Q

Linkage map definition

A

using the frequency of recombinant offspring to determine the relative positions of loci on a chromosome

39
Q

probabilities: “and” definition

A

multiply the two ends together

40
Q

probabilities: “or” definition

A

add the two independent events together

41
Q

An allele refers to:
A. The specific location of a gene on a chromosome.
B. One of the sister chromatids in a chromosome after S phase.
C. A specific version of a gene.
D. A homologous pair of chromosomes.

A

A specific version of a gene.

42
Q

Homozygous recessive plants (aa) are allowed to self-fertilize. What percentage of the self-progeny would you predict will have the recessive phenotype?
25%.
75%.
100%.
50%.

A

100

43
Q

You perform a dihybrid cross between two individuals. What is the predicted ratio of the different phenotypes in the progeny from that cross?
3:1.
1:2:1.
2:6:6:2.
9:3:3:1.

A

9:3:3:1

44
Q

If two genes are linked, that means:
A. They are both on the same chromosome.
B. They are both recessive.
C. Neither one is dominant to the other.
D. They influence the same trait.

A

They are both on the same chromosome.

45
Q

In Drosophila, eye color is an X-linked trait. The red eye allele (W+) is dominant to the white eye allele (w-). If a homozygous mutant female (Xw-Xw-) with white eyes is crossed to a red-eyed male (XW+/Y):
A. All the female offspring will have white eyes.
B. All the male offspring will have red eyes.
C. All the male offspring will have white eyes.
D. All the offspring (both males and females) will have red eyes.

A

All the male offspring will have red eyes.

46
Q

What would the frequency of RY gametes produced by an RrYy plant?
10, 25, 50, 75

A

25

47
Q

amoung the self-progeny of an RrYy plant, what would be the proportion of Round and Green seed.
1/8
3/4
1
3/16

A

3/16

48
Q

a male Drosophilia melanogaster fly with white eyes would have inherited a mutant
a. X chromosome from its father
b. Y chromosome from its father
c. X chromosome from its mother
d. Y chromosome from its mother

A

X chromosome from its mother

Biology Unit 2 (10 decks)

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