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Biology Unit 2 > Biology Unit 3- chapter 12 > Flashcards

Biology Unit 3- chapter 12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is bacterial cell division called?

A

Binary fission

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2
Q

does binary fission work

A

replicate and separate genomes within the cell then divide. ends with two identical cells that are identical to each other and the beginning cell

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3
Q

what are the two forms of cell division in Eukaryotes?

A

mitosis and meiosis

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4
Q

what do you end with after mitosis?

A

two diploid cells identical to to each other and the beginning cell

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5
Q

what do you end with after meiosis?

A

four haploid cells- 1/2 of original DNA in each cell

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6
Q

what is meiosis used for

A

sex cells- gametes- sperm and egg

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7
Q

what are the phases of the Eukaryotic cell cycle in order?

A

G1, S, G2, and M

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8
Q

what is G1 in the cell cycle?

A

longest phase, cells are most active metabolically

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9
Q

what is S in the cell cycle?

A

when DNA synthesis takes place

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10
Q

what is G2 in the cell cycle?

A

cell prepares for DNA division

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11
Q

what is M in the cell cycle?

A

cell division- nuclear division and cytokinesis

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12
Q

what is interphase?

A

anything besides mitosis

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13
Q

what was the research done on if the M-phase was controlled by the cytoplasm or the nucleus?

A

they injected cytoplasm from the M-phase cell and a regular cell into one frog oocyte, then same with nucleus

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14
Q

what is the conclusion from the research of the M-phase

A

the M-phase cytoplasm contains a regulatory molecule that induces M phase in interphase cells.

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15
Q

what is the molecule called that induces M-phase

A

M-phase promoting factor (MPF)

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16
Q

what are the two parts of the MPF

A

cyclin (regulator) and CDK (kinase that catalyzes phosphorylation)

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17
Q

what happens to the levels of Cyclin and Cdk during the cell cycle?

A

Cdk stays constant, but Cyclin peaks right before the transition from G2 into M-phase

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18
Q

what is Cdk regulated by?

A

phosphates and Cyclin

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19
Q

how is Cdk regulated by phosphate?

A

one phosphate has to be in the correct orientation for Cdk to be active. phosphate bonded to active site not inhibiting site.

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20
Q

what is MPF specifically made of?

A

Cyclin B and Cdk 1

21
Q

what are cell cycle checkpoints?

A

they are where decisions whether or not to proceed through the cell are made

22
Q

how many checkpoints are there in the cell cycle?

A

three

23
Q

what are the three checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A

G1, G2, M-phase

24
Q

what do cells need to pass the G1 checkpoint?

A
  1. adequate cell size
  2. sufficient nutrients
  3. social signals are present
  4. undamaged DNA
25
Q

what do cells need to pass the G2 checkpoint?

A
  1. chromosomes have successfully replicated
  2. DNA is undamaged
  3. activated MPF is present
26
Q

what do cells need to pass the M-phase checkpoint?

A
  1. chromosomes have attached to spindle apparatus
  2. chromosomes have properly segregated and MPF is absent
27
Q

What happens if cells do not pass the checkpoints?

A
  1. the cell stalls and attempts to fix it
  2. the cell dies
28
Q

How do the checkpoints work?

A

they work by regulating the activity of the appropriate cdk (phosphorylation, production of cyclin)

29
Q

what are two examples of social signals?

A

growth factors and mitogens

30
Q

why is mitogen needed?

A

activation needed to drive the cell cycle

31
Q

why is the growth factor needed?

A

activation needed for nutrient uptake and utilization

32
Q

what is Rb?

A

S-phase inhibitor, most common mitogen
signalling pathways that activate G1 cyclin/cdk inhibit Rb

33
Q

what is E2F?

A

inactivator of Rb

34
Q

what happened in the mitogen signaling at the G1 checkpoint and the S phase transition? 6 steps

A
  1. mitogens arrive from other cells
  2. mitogens cause increase in cyclin and E2F concentrations
  3. Cyclin binds to Cdk; Cdk is phosphorylated. Rb inactivates E2F by binding to it.
  4. inactivating phosphate is removed and active Cdk phosphorylated Rb
  5. Phosphorylated Rb releases E2F
  6. E2F triggers production of S-phase protein
35
Q

what is the p21 gene?

A

Cdk inhibitor
- inhibits the cell cycle through cyclin kinase pathway

36
Q

what are benign tumor cells?

A

they continue to divide by are not invasive they do not spread outside of the tumor

37
Q

what are malignant tumor cells?

A

they divide and spread to adjacent tissues and to distant tissues through lymphatic vessels and blood vessels

38
Q

what are proto-onogenes?

A

cause genes to activate and grow them are not suppose to

39
Q

what are tumor suppressor genes?

A

genes whose normal function is to stop cel cycle progression

40
Q

how does cancer happen?

A

cells lose the ability to regulate their cell cycle

41
Q

chromosome definition

A

A structure containing genetic information in the form of genes

42
Q

chromatin definition

A

the material that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes; consists of a DNA molecule complexed with histone proteins

43
Q

Chromatid

A

one double stranded DNA copy of a replicated chromosome with its associated proteins

44
Q

sister chromatids

A

the two attached, double stranded DNA copies of a replicated chromosome

45
Q

centromere

A

a specialized region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are most closely joined to each other

46
Q

kinetochores

A

the structure on sister chromatids where microtubules attach

47
Q

microtubule- organizing center

A

any structure that organizes microtubules

48
Q

centrosome

A

the microtubule- organizing center in animals and certain plants and fungi

49
Q

centrioles

A

cylindrical structures consisting of microtubules triplets, located inside animal centrosomes

Biology Unit 2 (10 decks)

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