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Biology Unit 2 > Biology Unit 2- Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Biology Unit 2- Chapter 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A
  1. light dependent
  2. light independent
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2
Q

where does photosynthesis take place?

A

chloroplast

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3
Q

chloroplast are found in high concentrations in ______

A

leaves

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4
Q

thylakoid definition

A
  • membrane bound sacs in the chloroplast where light dependent reactions take place
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5
Q

stroma definition

A
  • colorless fluid around the granum and thylakoids where the light- independent reactions occur
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6
Q

main goal of light dependent reactions

A

to harvest energy from the sun to make ATP, NADPH, and O2

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7
Q

relationship between wavelength and energy

A

shorter wavelength= higher energy
longer wavelength= lower energy

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8
Q

what do photosynthetic pigments do

A

absorb photons from sunlight

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9
Q

what are three photosynthetic pigments

A

chlorophyll (green), beta-carotene (orange), and carotenoids (yellow, orange, red)

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10
Q

action spectrum

A

absorbance spectrum

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11
Q

what happens to electrons when they are excited?

A

they jump to the next energy state

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12
Q

electrons in high states are unstable or stable

A

very unstable

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13
Q

three fates for excited electrons

A
  1. fluorescence and/or heat
  2. resonance energy transfer
  3. reduction/ oxidation
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14
Q

what happens in fluorescence and/or heat when electron energy is high

A

electron drops back down and emits heat/ fluorescence (unproductive)

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15
Q

what happens in resonance energy transfer when electron energy is high

A

energy is passed from one pigment to another in the photosystem

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16
Q

what happens in reduction/oxidation when electron energy is high

A

electron is transferred to a new compound

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17
Q

what are the parts of a photosystem

A
  1. reaction center is the middle
  2. antenna complex are the oter chlorophyll molecules
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18
Q

what happens in a photosystem

A

the antenna complex feed the reaction center in the middle of the photosystem

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19
Q

what happens once electrons get to the reaction center

A

they get excited and go into a different energy state and something else will come and grab them

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20
Q

what are the two different photosystems in chloroplast

A

photosystem 1 and 2

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21
Q

what does ATP synthase do

A

makes ATP

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22
Q

what does Cytochrome complex do

A

electron transport

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23
Q

how does Photosystem II work

A

high energy electron gets grabbed by Pheophytin and transported to the PQ and then into the Cytochrome complex
-each step is lower energy, makes a concentration gradient and ATP is produced

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24
Q

how does photosystem 1 work?

A

high energy electron is transported down a concentration gradient and delivered to Ferredoxin which is used to reduce NADP+ into NADPH

25
Q

what is the Z-scheme?

A

when photosystem 1 and 2 work together

26
Q

why is the Z-scheme useful?

A

when they work together they maximize photosynthetic efficiency

27
Q

what is the reaction center for photosystem 2

A

P680

28
Q

what is the reaction center for photosystem 1

A

P700

29
Q

what does p680 do?

A

splits H20 and allows for O2 to be a biproduct of photosynthesis

30
Q

who did research in early photosynthesis

A

Engelmann

31
Q

what are the two ways for making ATP

A
  1. Cyclin Phosphorylation
  2. Z-scheme
32
Q

what is the use of the Cyclic phosphorylation

A

when there is too much NADPH in the system

33
Q

what is the light independent system called

A

Calvin Cycle

34
Q

What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle

A

to use ATP and NADPH to make CO2 and sugars

35
Q

what does the Stoma do

A

opens and closes to regulate gases in leaves

36
Q

what are the three phases of the Calvin Cycle

A
  1. fixation
  2. reduction
  3. regeneration
37
Q

fixation

A

adding gas to an organic molecule

38
Q

reduction

A

adding energy in ATP to reduce CO2

39
Q

Regeneration

A

using products from reduction to regenerate the process

40
Q

what is the enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of CO2

A

Rubisco

41
Q

what is the product of fixation

A

3PGA

42
Q

what is the product of reduction

A

6 G3P

43
Q

what happens to the 1 G3P that gets pulled from the Calvin Cycle

A

it gets turned into Glucose and then Fructose or starch

44
Q

how many active sites does Rubisco have?

A

8 active sites and 16 subunits

45
Q

what two molecules found in the atmosphere can rubisco bond to?

A

CO2 and O2- O2 with less affinity

46
Q

what happens when rubisco binds to CO2

A

photosynthesis

47
Q

what happens when rubisco binds to

A

photorespiration

48
Q

when is photorespiration favored?

A

when there is less CO2 in the atmosphere

49
Q

what is the alternative to carbon fixation?

A

C4 pathway

50
Q

what is the alternative to rubisco in the C4 pathway?

A

PEP carboxylase

51
Q

what are the two types of plants

A

C4 and CAM

52
Q

what are the two types of cells in C4 plants?

A

Mesophyll cells and Bundle-sheath cells

53
Q

what system do Mesophyll cells contain?

A

PEP carboxylase

54
Q

what system do Bundle-sheth cells contain?

A

Rubisco

55
Q

in resonance what is transferred?

A

energy

56
Q

in redox what is transferred?

A

electrons

57
Q

is photosynthesis anabolic (building) or catabolic (breakdown)

A

anabolic- glucose is made from sunlight, CO2, and H2O

58
Q

is cellular respiration anabolic (building) or catabolic (breakdown)

A

catabolic- glucose is broken down for the cell to use

Biology Unit 2 (10 decks)

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