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Biology Unit 2 > Biology Unit 2- Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Biology Unit 2- Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A
  1. light dependent
  2. light independent
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2
Q

where does photosynthesis take place?

A

chloroplast

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3
Q

chloroplast are found in high concentrations in ______

A

leaves

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4
Q

thylakoid definition

A
  • membrane bound sacs in the chloroplast where light dependent reactions take place
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5
Q

stroma definition

A
  • colorless fluid around the granum and thylakoids where the light- independent reactions occur
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6
Q

main goal of light dependent reactions

A

to harvest energy from the sun to make ATP, NADPH, and O2

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7
Q

relationship between wavelength and energy

A

shorter wavelength= higher energy
longer wavelength= lower energy

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8
Q

what do photosynthetic pigments do

A

absorb photons from sunlight

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9
Q

what are three photosynthetic pigments

A

chlorophyll (green), beta-carotene (orange), and carotenoids (yellow, orange, red)

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10
Q

action spectrum

A

absorbance spectrum

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11
Q

what happens to electrons when they are excited?

A

they jump to the next energy state

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12
Q

electrons in high states are unstable or stable

A

very unstable

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13
Q

three fates for excited electrons

A
  1. fluorescence and/or heat
  2. resonance energy transfer
  3. reduction/ oxidation
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14
Q

what happens in fluorescence and/or heat when electron energy is high

A

electron drops back down and emits heat/ fluorescence (unproductive)

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15
Q

what happens in resonance energy transfer when electron energy is high

A

energy is passed from one pigment to another in the photosystem

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16
Q

what happens in reduction/oxidation when electron energy is high

A

electron is transferred to a new compound

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17
Q

what are the parts of a photosystem

A
  1. reaction center is the middle
  2. antenna complex are the oter chlorophyll molecules
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18
Q

what happens in a photosystem

A

the antenna complex feed the reaction center in the middle of the photosystem

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19
Q

what happens once electrons get to the reaction center

A

they get excited and go into a different energy state and something else will come and grab them

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20
Q

what are the two different photosystems in chloroplast

A

photosystem 1 and 2

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21
Q

what does ATP synthase do

A

makes ATP

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22
Q

what does Cytochrome complex do

A

electron transport

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23
Q

how does Photosystem II work

A

high energy electron gets grabbed by Pheophytin and transported to the PQ and then into the Cytochrome complex
-each step is lower energy, makes a concentration gradient and ATP is produced

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24
Q

how does photosystem 1 work?

A

high energy electron is transported down a concentration gradient and delivered to Ferredoxin which is used to reduce NADP+ into NADPH

25
what is the Z-scheme?
when photosystem 1 and 2 work together
26
why is the Z-scheme useful?
when they work together they maximize photosynthetic efficiency
27
what is the reaction center for photosystem 2
P680
28
what is the reaction center for photosystem 1
P700
29
what does p680 do?
splits H20 and allows for O2 to be a biproduct of photosynthesis
30
who did research in early photosynthesis
Engelmann
31
what are the two ways for making ATP
1. Cyclin Phosphorylation 2. Z-scheme
32
what is the use of the Cyclic phosphorylation
when there is too much NADPH in the system
33
what is the light independent system called
Calvin Cycle
34
What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle
to use ATP and NADPH to make CO2 and sugars
35
what does the Stoma do
opens and closes to regulate gases in leaves
36
what are the three phases of the Calvin Cycle
1. fixation 2. reduction 3. regeneration
37
fixation
adding gas to an organic molecule
38
reduction
adding energy in ATP to reduce CO2
39
Regeneration
using products from reduction to regenerate the process
40
what is the enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of CO2
Rubisco
41
what is the product of fixation
3PGA
42
what is the product of reduction
6 G3P
43
what happens to the 1 G3P that gets pulled from the Calvin Cycle
it gets turned into Glucose and then Fructose or starch
44
how many active sites does Rubisco have?
8 active sites and 16 subunits
45
what two molecules found in the atmosphere can rubisco bond to?
CO2 and O2- O2 with less affinity
46
what happens when rubisco binds to CO2
photosynthesis
47
what happens when rubisco binds to
photorespiration
48
when is photorespiration favored?
when there is less CO2 in the atmosphere
49
what is the alternative to carbon fixation?
C4 pathway
50
what is the alternative to rubisco in the C4 pathway?
PEP carboxylase
51
what are the two types of plants
C4 and CAM
52
what are the two types of cells in C4 plants?
Mesophyll cells and Bundle-sheath cells
53
what system do Mesophyll cells contain?
PEP carboxylase
54
what system do Bundle-sheth cells contain?
Rubisco
55
in resonance what is transferred?
energy
56
in redox what is transferred?
electrons
57
is photosynthesis anabolic (building) or catabolic (breakdown)
anabolic- glucose is made from sunlight, CO2, and H2O
58
is cellular respiration anabolic (building) or catabolic (breakdown)
catabolic- glucose is broken down for the cell to use

Biology Unit 2 (10 decks)

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