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Biology Unit 2 > Biology Unit 2- chapter 7 > Flashcards

Biology Unit 2- chapter 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is protein trafficking?

A

How organelle proteins get to and into the correct organelle.

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1
Q

What are the three things needed for protein trafficking?

A
  1. A molecular “address” on the protein.
  2. A system that can recognize the address.
  3. A way to get the protein across the membrane.
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2
Q

In the nucleus, where are the proteins made and where are they going?

A

Made in the cytosol (cytoplasm) going into the nucleus.

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3
Q

What does the NLS stand for and what is the purpose?

A

Nuclear localization signal; contains “address”, 17-chain amino acid

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4
Q

5 steps for nuclear transport

A
  1. NLS- Protein attacks to importin
  2. importin helps protein across nucleus.
  3. protein-importin binds to Ran-GTP
  4. protein stays in nucleus, Ran-GTP and importin move to cytoplasm
  5. GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP.
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5
Q

what is importin’s purpose?

A

helps protein get across membrane in nuclear transport.

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6
Q

what does Ran-GTP do?

A

unbinds the importin from the protein

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7
Q

what does Ran-GTP hydrolyze to?

A

GDP (diphosphate)

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8
Q

Is protein folded or unfolded when being imported into the nucleus?

A

folded

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9
Q

Is protein folded or unfolded when entering the endomembrane system?

A

unfolded

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10
Q

RAN is a _ protein. Meaning?

A

G: it can change its shape/ structure to perform different tasks

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11
Q

what is the ER signal sequence?

A

contains the “address” for the secretory pathway.

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12
Q

other word for endomembrane system

A

secretory system

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13
Q

Steps for the Signal Hypothesis process

A
  1. ER sequence is synthesized by ribosome.
  2. ER signal sequence binds to SRP.
  3. SRP binds to receptor that is near the translocon.
  4. SRP gets released
  5. protein enters through the translocon
  6. ER signal sequence is removed
  7. ribosome detaches from translocon protein folding occurs
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14
Q

in the signal hypothesis process where is protein made and going into?

A

made in the cytosol (cytoplasm) going into the Lumen of the Rough ER to start

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15
Q

ribosome is made up of (2 things)

A

protein and RNA; it is the site for protein synthesis

16
Q

in the ER signal sequence where the “address” on the amino acid sequence?

A

n-terminus

17
Q

what is the SRP? and what does it do?

A

Signal Recognition particle binds to ER signal Sequence, temporarily stops protein synthesis

18
Q

what is the translocon?

A

allows protein to get across the membrane.

19
Q

endomembrane system/ secretory pathway order

A

lumen of rough ER, transport vesicle, cis face of Golgi apparatus, trans face of Golgi apparatus, transport vesicle, plasma membrane

20
Q

where are the two points of sorting for the proteins in the endomembrane system?

A
  1. protein entering the rough ER
  2. trans face of the Golgi apparatus (making sure the protein gets into the correct transport vesicle)
21
Q

what did the pulse-chase experiment do?

A

gave a function to the Golgi apparatus.

22
Q

three types of major cytoskeleton filaments.

A
  1. actin filaments
  2. microtubules
  3. intermediate filaments
23
Q

what is the cytoskeleton

A

gives the cell shape and aids in movement and transport of materials within the cell

24
Q

actin filaments

A
  • very dynamic, cells can break down easily, 7-9 nm, bubbles together in long chain, involved in cellular processes (cell movement)
25
Q

microtubules

A
  • bigger than actin, 25 nm, same shaped molecules as actin, hollow, made from polypeptides- alpha/beta-tubulin dimer
26
Q

myosin

A

motor protein, binds to actin, hydrolyzes ATP, uses that energy to works on actin!

27
Q

intermediate filaments

A
  • stable, hard to break down, tubes that are roped together
28
Q

three transport proteins

A
  1. kinesin (microtubules)
  2. dynein (microtubules)
  3. myosin (actin)
29
Q

why is there no transport of vesicles on intermediate filaments

A

they are not polarized

30
Q

which direction to kinesin and dynein move in on microtubules?

A

kinesin towards (+)
dynein towards (-)

31
Q

what is the purpose of microtubules?

A

move vesicles through the the ER, golgi apparatus, to the cell membrane

32
Q

what are intermediate filaments made of?

A

keratin

33
Q

long distance transport of vesicles is accomplished by motor proteins moving along ______

A

microtubules

34
Q

motor protein that makes cillia and flagella bend is ______

A

dynein

35
Q

how to flagella and cilia move?

A

flagellum flap
cilia sweep

36
Q

microfilaments are chains of protein subunit ______

A

amino acids

Biology Unit 2 (10 decks)

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