Biology Test 10/9/24 (DONT DELETE)

Question 1

Who was the first to see cells

Answer 1

Hooke

Question 2

Who was the first to see living cells

Answer 2

Leeuwenhoek

Question 3

Who discovered that all plants are made of cells

Answer 3

Schleiden

Question 4

Who discovered that all animals are made of cells

Answer 4

Schwann

Question 5

Who discovered that cells come from cells

Answer 5

Virchow

Question 6

What are the three parts of cell theory

Answer 6

1. Cells are the units that make up all living things
2. Cells are the units which carry on the functions of all living things
3. Cells come from preexisting cells

Question 7

Compare Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

Answer 7

• Similarities
  1. They are both cells
  2. They both have “non membrane-bound” organelles
• Differences
  1. Eukaryotic have a nucleaus, Prokaryotic don’t
  2. Eukaryotic have “membrane-bound” organelles, Prokaryotic don’t
  3. Eukaryotic are generally larger, Prokaryotic are generally smaller

Question 8

Why do cells need multiple methods of getting materials across the cell membrane

Answer 8

Molecules can be different, such as being big or small and polar or nonpolar, and they can be going with or against the concentration gradient

Question 9

Describe the fluid mosaic model

Answer 9

The phospholipids form a bilayer with the phosphates surrounding the lipids, in between some of the phosphates are carbohydrates that determine the membrane fluidity, in between some of the phospholipids are peripheral proteins that are only on one side of the membrane or transmembrane proteins that go all the way through the membrane, then there is water on the outsides of the bilayer

Question 10

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution

Answer 10

It swells and may burst

Question 11

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution

Answer 11

It will shrink and shrivel

Question 12

What happens to a cell in a isotonic solution

Answer 12

Nothing

Question 13

A triacylglycerol where one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate group, they are an important part of the cell membrane

Answer 13

Phospholipid

Question 14

Water-loving

Answer 14

Hydrophilic

Question 15

Water-fearing

Answer 15

Hydrophobic

Question 16

What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic

Answer 16

The phosphate

Question 17

What part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic

Answer 17

The lipid

Question 18

Why do phospholipids form a bilayer

Answer 18

The lipid is hydrophobic and the phosphate is hydrophilic

Question 19

What are transmembrane proteins

Answer 19

Proteins that go all the way through the cell membrane, they are used in facilitated diffusion and active transport

Question 20

What are peripheral proteins

Answer 20

Proteins that are only on one side of the cell membrane

Question 21

What are the functions of membrane proteins

Answer 21

Transportation - allow things to cross the cell membrane, markers - identify the cells to other cells, and receptors - allow specific molecules to bind to the membrane

Question 22

What is cholesterol

Answer 22

A small lipid molecule, it fits between the phospholipid and determines membrane fluidity

Question 23

Why is the word “model” used in “fluid mosaic model”

Answer 23

It is an attempt to explain something they can’t observe

Question 24

What is “selective permeability”

Answer 24

When the cell membrane allows only certain substances to cross the membrane

Question 25

What is a concentration gradient

Answer 25

A difference in concentration between two areas

Question 26

What is the basic difference between passive transport and active transport

Answer 26

Passive transport goes with the concentration gradient so it doesn’t require energy from the cell, active transport goes against the concentration gradient so it does require energy from the cell

Question 27

What is diffusion

Answer 27

When small, non-polar molecules pass through the cell membrane because of the concentration gradient

Question 28

What kinds of molecules can cross a cell membrane by diffusion

Answer 28

Small, non-polar molecules

Question 29

How is facilitated diffusion different from regular diffusion

Answer 29

• It is for molecules that can’t do normal diffusion
• It requires a carrier protein

Question 30

What are carrier proteins

Answer 30

A type of transmembrane proteins

Question 31

How are transmembrane proteins involved in facilitated diffusion

Answer 31

They carry the molecules across the cell membrane

Question 32

How is osmosis different from diffusion

Answer 32

• It is the movement of water instead of molecules
• It is in a direction opposite of the concentration gradient

Question 33

What is a hypotonic solution

Answer 33

A solution with a lower concentration

Question 34

What is a hypertonic solution

Answer 34

A solution with a higher concentration

Question 35

What is an isotonic solution

Answer 35

A solution with the same concentration

Question 36

What is active transport

Answer 36

When the molecules use energy to move across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient

Question 37

What is the role of membrane proteins in active transport

Answer 37

They move the molecules across the cell membrane

Question 38

What is bulk transport

Answer 38

When Endocytosis or Exocytosis is used to transport large molecules across the cell membrane

Question 39

What is endocytosis

Answer 39

When the cell forms a vesicle from the plasma membrane to take in materials

Question 40

What is exocytosis

Answer 40

Endocytosis but reversed

Question 41

Why are endocytosis and exocytosis considered opposite processes

Answer 41

Endocytosis gets materials into the cell, exocytosis gets them out of the cell

Question 42

What is the role of ATP in a cell

Answer 42

It is the energy used for active transport