Biology Test 10/31/24

Question 1

What is the function of ribosomes and are they membrane bound or non-membrane bound

Answer 1

Protein production; non-membrane bound

Question 2

What are the rough and smooth ER and are they membrane bound or non-membrane bound

Answer 2

Rough ER - site of protein production and ribosomes are attached to it;
smooth ER - production of steroids and other lipids;
membrane bound

Question 3

What is the function of the mitochondria and are they membrane bound or non-membrane bound

Answer 3

Converting energy stored in glucose into ATP during cellular respiration;
membrane bound

Question 4

What is the function of chloroplasts and are they membrane bound or non-membrane bound

Answer 4

Photosynthesis, storing the energy in glucose; membrane bound

Question 5

What are the functions of the golgi and are they membrane bound or non-membrane bound

Answer 5

Processing and distributing lipids and proteins using vesicles; membrane bound

Question 6

What are the functions of vesicles, where are they produced, and are they membrane bound or non-membrane bound

Answer 6

Used to hold and transport material; they are produced in the plasma membrane during endocytosis or in membrane bound organelles; membrane bound

Question 7

What are the functions of lysosomes and are they membrane bound or non-membrane bound

Answer 7

Digesting food particles, breaking proteins into amino acids, and eliminating worn out organelles; membrane bound

Question 8

What are the functions of centrioles and are they membrane bound or non-membrane bound

Answer 8

Forming microtubules and distributing chromosomes when the cell divides; non-membrane bound

Question 9

What are the functions of flagella and cilia and are they membrane bound or non-membrane bound

Answer 9

Locomotion; non-membrane bound

Question 10

Compare flagella and cilia

Answer 10

• Differences
  1. Flagella are long and whip like but cilia are short and hair like
• Similarities
  1. Both used for locomotion
  2. Both made of microtubules
  3. Both non-membrane bound

Question 11

What are lysosomes

Answer 11

A special kind a vesicles filled with digestive enzymes

Question 12

What are vesicles

Answer 12

Areas which are seperated from the rest of the cytoplasm by a phospholipid bilayer

Question 13

What are golgi

Answer 13

Stacks of flat pouches bound by a phospholipid bilayer

Question 14

Which organelle is exclusive to plant and algae cells

Answer 14

Chloroplasts

Question 15

What is chromatin

Answer 15

A tangled mass of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus

Question 16

What are the functions of the proteins in chromatin

Answer 16

Organize, replicate, and protect the DNA

Question 17

What are intermediate filaments and how big are they

Answer 17

A type of protein fiber in the cytoskeleton; 10 nanometers in diameter

Question 18

What are microfilaments, what protein are they made of and how big are they

Answer 18

Thin, rod-like protein fibers; composed of actin; 7 nanometers in diameter

Question 19

What are microtubules, what protein are they made of, and how big are they

Answer 19

Cylindrical tube-shaped protein fibers; composed of tubulin; 25 nanometers in diameter

Question 20

What is the nucleolus

Answer 20

A dark spot in the nucleus with a high concentration of RNA and where ribosomes are produced

Question 21

What is the difference between a “membrane-bound organelle” and a “non-membrane bound organelle”

Answer 21

Membrane-bound organelles have membranes made out of a phospholipid bilayer, non-membrane-bound organelles don’t

Question 22

List the organelles that would be present in a eukaryotic cell but absent from a prokaryotic cell

Answer 22

Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, Vesicles, & Lysosomes

Question 23

What are the three major components of a cell

Answer 23

Plasma membrane (cell membrane), Cytoplasm, & Nucleus

Question 24

What is the cytoplasm

Answer 24

All the materials inside the plasma membrane besides the nucleus

Question 25

What is the cytoplasmic matrix

Answer 25

A part of the cytoplasm, a fluid but slightly jello-ish substance, & includes the cytoskeleton

Question 26

What are organelles

Answer 26

Structures in the cytoplasmic matrix that have specific functions, “little organs”

Question 27

Make an analogy that compares a cell to a city. Include all of the organelles, the cytoskeleton, the nucleus, and the plasma membrane in your analogy

Answer 27

• Ribosomes - factories because they produce the materials needed for the cell to function.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum - a manufacturing center because ribosomes produce proteins in the rough ER and lipids are produced in the smooth ER.
• Mitochondria - power plant because it converts energy from photosynthesis into usable ATP.
• Chloroplasts - oil drills because they produce energy that cannot be used until taken to the mitochondria.
• Golgi - distribution center because they process and distribute lipids and proteins.
• Vesicles - delivery trucks because they transport materials from the golgi to places where they need to be.
• Lysosomes - garbage dump because they break down proteins and eliminate useless organelles.
• Centrioles - manufacturing and distribution center because they form microtubules and distribute chromosomes.
• Flagella - airport because they are used for locomotion.
• Cilia - bus stop because they are also used for locomotion but they are smaller than flagella.
• Cytoskeleton - streets and highways because they determine the shape of the cell and give it structure.
• Nucleus - mayor’s office because they tell each organelle what to do using DNA and RNA

Question 28

What is the cytoskeleton

Answer 28

A network of fibrous proteins that is spread throughout the cytoplasmic matrix

Question 29

What is a fibrous protein

Answer 29

A protein that makes up protein fibers such as microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

Question 30

How does the cytoskeleton provide structure and support for the cell

Answer 30

The fibers form a scaffold-like structure

Question 31

How does the cytoskeleton interact with organelles

Answer 31

Organelles attach to it to maintain their position

Question 32

Describe how microtubules and microfilaments can cause a cell to move

Answer 32

They disassemble themselves at one end & grow on the other end

Question 33

Describe how the cytoskeleton can accomplish intracellular transport

Answer 33

Using motor proteins that bind to vesicles and carry them throughout the cell on the cytoskeletal fibers

Question 34

How is the nuclear membrane different from the plasma membrane

Answer 34

It is the outer layer of the Nucleus instead of the cell and it has many pores

Question 35

Why does the nuclear membrane have pores in it

Answer 35

So materials can easily move between it and the Cytoplasm

Question 36

What are the functions of the nucleus

Answer 36

Store and replicate DNA, transcribe the DNA into RNA, and make ribosomes

Question 37

Explain two ways in which specific organelles are interdependent

Answer 37

1. The golgi are used to form vesicles and the vesicles transport the molecules for the golgi
2. The chloroplasts capture energy using photosynthesis then store the energy in glucose, then the energy in the glucose in converted into ATP in the mitochondria, then the ATP is used by the ribosomes to make proteins that are then used by the chloroplasts for photosynthesis

Question 38

Explain one way in which organelles, the cytoskeleton, and the plasma membrane are all interdependent

Answer 38

The cytoskeleton depends on the plasma membrane for structure and support, the golgi depends on the plasma membrane to form vesicles with endocytosis, and the cytoskeleton depends on the golgi because it processes and distributes the proteins it needs

Question 39

How does 1st Corinthians 12:12-31 relate to our study of cytology

Answer 39

In the verse, it is pointed out that just like the church needs multiple members to function, the human body needs all its parts to function, in the same way, the cell needs all its parts to function

Question 40

List five ways in which proteins relate to specific cell parts

Answer 40

1. Ribosomes produce proteins in the rough ER
2. The golgi processes and distributes the proteins
3. The lysosomes break down the proteins into amino acids
4. Proteins make up the cytoskeleton as well as microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
5. They make up the chromatin in the nucleus