Biology Test 1, Cell Division Flashcards
What is an organelle?
A subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell,
What are the two cell types
Plant and animal
What is a cell membrane and is it in both cell types?
- A cell membrane controls what comes in and out of a cell. and supports the cell
- Plant and Animal
What is a cell wall and is it in both cell types?
- The ridged outer layer of a plant cell
What is the cytoplasm and is it in both cell types?
- Gel like fluid where the organelles are found
- Plant and animal
Mitochondria
- The powerhouse of the cell
- It produces all energy the cell needs to carry out its functions
- Cellular respiration
- Plant and animal
Lysosomes
- Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts
- Plant and animal
Vacuoles
- Stores foods, waste, and other materials
- Plant and animal
Golgi Bodies
- Golgi bodies receive protein and materials from the ER, package them and distribute them
- Plant and animal
Chloroplasts
- Captures energy from the sunlight and uses it to create energy in plant cells
- Photosynthesis
- Plant cells
- What makes a plant green
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Has passageways that carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another
- Plant and animal
Ribosomes
- Assembles amino acids to create proteins
- Plant and animal
Nucleus
- Contains DNA, which controls the functions of the cell and productions of proteins
- P and A
Nucleolus
- Found inside the nucleas and produces ribosomes
- Plant and animal
Chromatin
- Tiny strands inside the nucleus that contain instructions for directing the cells function
What is DNA?
A self-replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
What is an enzyme?
A protein
What are the two broad cell categories
- Eukaroyotic and Prokaryotic
WHat is each
Eukaroyotic:
- Have organelles
- More advanced complex cells
- Ex plant and animal
Prokayortic:
- No nucleus
- Have no membrane enclosed organrelles bit has genetic material
WHat does organells mean?
Little organ
When cells are reayd tp dovode chromatin condesnes into ___
Chromosones
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.)
- Rough
- Smooth
What is Cilia
Microscopic hair like projections that can move in waves which help trap inhaled particles and expels them when you cough
What is Flagella
- Mostly found in bacteria
- They have a tail that can help the cell move
Whats the only human cell with flagella
- Sperm
What is osmosis
The movement of a fluid (ussually water) across a cell membrance toward a area of high solute
what is diffusion
the transport mechanism for moving materials in and out of the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to one of lower concentration
What is sexual and asexual reprodution
S: When one cell from one parent, and one cell from the other parent join and create an offspring with characteristics of both parents (sperm and egg)
A: When single cell organisms divide with only one parent cell. Causing the cell to be 100% genetically the same
What is the Cell Cycle
The sequence of growth (preparation) and division of a cell
What are the three reasons for cell division, explain.
Growth: When you as a human grow your cells duplicate
Repair: Every day your body sheds dead cells and you have to recreate them
Reproduction: We need the ability to create new life from pre existing cells and elongate our life with producing duplicate cells from the same one
Why do cells divide instead of just getting huge?
Bc you need different cells for different things. IF you have one cell and you kill that cell you’re dead.
What does DNA stand for
DeoxyriboNucliec Acid
What is a chromosone
Chromosones are made of DNA. Its a bunch of DNa put together
How many chromosones does a human have?
46
What are the functions of proteins?
1 structural
2 transportation
3 hormones
4 enzymes
5 antibodies
What is a cellullar mutation
- A change in order base pairs of DNA
- Could be physical damage to DNA in one or many cells
- Mutations could be inherited by sperm and egg cells
What is a mutagen?
- A substance or factor that could cause a mutation
Why do cells divide?
- There needs to be new cells for your body to grow and regenerate itslef
- Their are different types of cells for each body part so you need multiple cells instead of one
Interpahse
- 90% of cell cycle
- G1: growth stage 1
- Synthesis: DNA duplicates
- G2: Growtch stage 2, cell grows, cell makes sure it has everything for mitosis
Mitosis
- Division of the nucleus
- Has four stages
- Doesn’t occur in brain cells
What are the stages in mitosis and explain
prophase:
- chromatin in nucleus condenses for visible chromosones
- Nuclear membrane and nucleolus dissolve
- Spindle fibres form
- Chromosones are clearly visible
Metaphase:
- Chromosones attach to the spindle fibre
- Chromosones are lined up in the middl e
Anaphase:
- Chromotids are lined up on either side of the cell wall
Telophase:
- Nuclear membrain and nucleuolous reform
- Cell starts pinching in the middle causing a cleavage furrow or cell plate
- Chromosones reappear as chromotin
What is cytokenisis
- Division of cytoplasm
- The identical daughter cell halbes split forming two new cells
What are spindle fibres?
Protein structures that pull apart genetic material in a cell when the cell divides
Reveiw cancer book and stem cell notes
What is a stem cell?
A animal cell that can differentiate into many cell types
Two types of stem cells
tissue: only can differentiaite to cerain types of cells
- Emryonic: Can differentiate to any cell
