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Biology Paper 2 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What characteristics are controlled by one gene?

A

Fur colour in mice and red- green colour blindness in humans

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2
Q

What is an allele?

A

A variation of a gene

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3
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

An allele that is always expressed, even if only one copy is present.

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4
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele that is only expressed if there are two copies present

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5
Q

What is phenotype?

A

The characteristic that presents because of the genotype

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6
Q

Define homozygous

A

The organism has two of the same alleles for the trait

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7
Q

Define heterozygous

A

The organism has two different alleles for the trait

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8
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

A disorder that causes extra fingers or toes. It is caused by a dominant allele

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9
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A disorder of the cell membranes that is caused by a recessive allele

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10
Q

How many chromosomes does a normal body cell contain?

A

23 pairs

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11
Q

What are producers?

A

Photosynthetic organisms that are the producers of biomass. They are the start of a food chain

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12
Q

What are examples of producers?

A

A green plant or algae

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13
Q

How can feeding relationships within a community be represented?

A

Food chains

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14
Q

What are primary consumers?

A

Organisms that eat producers

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15
Q

What are secondary consumers?

A

Organisms that eat primary consumers

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16
Q

What are consumers?

A

An animal that eats to gain energy

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17
Q

What are predators?

A

Consumers that kill and eat other animals

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18
Q

What are prey?

A

Consumers that are hunted and killed by other animals

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19
Q

Why is it important that materials are cycled?

A

To provide the building blocks for future organisms

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20
Q

What is the carbon cycle?

A

It is the way that carbon is returned from organisms to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide to then be used by plants in photosynthesis

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21
Q

What are some of the processes that cycle carbon?

A

Photosynthesis, respiration, combustion

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22
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water ——> glucose + oxygen

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23
Q

What is the word equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen ——> carbon dioxide + water

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24
Q

What is the word equation for combustion?

A

Fuel + oxygen ——> carbon dioxide + water

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25
How is carbon returned to the environment when an organism dies?
Microorganisms such as bacteria feed on the organic compounds in the dead material and respire releasing carbon dioxide
26
What happens during the water cycle?
It provides fresh water for plants and animals on land before draining into the sea. The water is continuously evaporated and precipitated
27
How does temperature affect the rate of decay?
Increased temperature increases the rate of decay Decay stops if temperature is too hot as enzymes denature.
28
How does water affect the rate of decay?
Damp conditions increase the rate of decay
29
How does the availability of oxygen affect the rate of decay
Increased availability increases the rate of decay
30
What is compost?
A natural fertiliser used by gardeners used to help grow garden plants or crops
31
What is the endocrine system?
It is a system composed of glands which secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the blood stream
32
How does the hormonal compare to the nervous system?
It is much slower and involved the blood stream rather than nerves to produce an effect
33
What is the pituitary gland?
It is a master gland which secretes several hormones into the blood
34
Why is the pituitary gland known as the master gland?
It releases hormones that stimulate other hormones to be released from other glands
35
What is blood glucose concentration monitored and controlled by?
The pancreas
36
What happens if blood glucose is too high?
Insulin is released that moves glucose into muscle and liver cells and converts it into glycogen for storage
37
What happens if blood glucose is too low?
The pancreas releases glucagon that converts glycogen into glucose and releases it into the blood.
38
What is type 1 diabetes?
A disorder in which the pancreas fails to make enough insulin. It causes uncontrolled high blood glucose levels.
39
How is type 1 diabetes treated?
Insulin injections and diet
40
What is type 2 diabetes?
A disorder in which the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas
41
How is type 2 diabetes treated?
Controlled diet and exercise regime
42
What is a risk factor of type 2 diabetes?
Obesity
43
What cell division forms non identical cells?
Meiosis
44
What type of cell division forms identical cells?
Mitosis
45
What is a gamete?
Sex cell
46
What are examples of animal gametes?
Sperm and egg cells
47
What are examples of plant gametes?
Pollen and egg cell
48
What is fertilisation?
When a male and female sex cell fuse together
49
What causes variety during sexual reproduction?
Mixing of genetic material
50
How are sex cells (gametes) formed?
Meiosis
51
How many parents are involved in asexual reproduction?
One
52
Why is there no variation between offspring produced through asexual reproduction?
No mixing of genetic material and no fusion of gametes
53
What is a clone
Organisms that are genetically identical
54
What type of cell division is involved during asexual reproduction
Mitosis
55
How do gametes form through meiosis
Copies of genetic information are made, the cell divides twice to make 4 gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes
56
What is DNA?
A polymer made up of two strands forming a double helix
57
What is DNA contained within?
Chromosomes
58
What is a gene?
Section of DNA that codes for a specific protein
59
What is the genome?
The entire genetic material of that organisms
60
Why is knowledge of the genome important?
Helps us understand and treat inherited disorders and trace human migration patterns from the past.

GCSE Science (25 decks)

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