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GCSE Science > Biology Paper 2 Questions > Flashcards

Biology Paper 2 Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

What characteristics are controlled by one gene?

A

Fur colour in mice and red- green colour blindness in humans

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2
Q

What is an allele?

A

A variation of a gene

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3
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

An allele that is always expressed, even if only one copy is present.

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4
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele that is only expressed if there are two copies present

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5
Q

What is phenotype?

A

The characteristic that presents because of the genotype

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6
Q

Define homozygous

A

The organism has two of the same alleles for the trait

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7
Q

Define heterozygous

A

The organism has two different alleles for the trait

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8
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

A disorder that causes extra fingers or toes. It is caused by a dominant allele

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9
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A disorder of the cell membranes that is caused by a recessive allele

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10
Q

How many chromosomes does a normal body cell contain?

A

23 pairs

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11
Q

What are producers?

A

Photosynthetic organisms that are the producers of biomass. They are the start of a food chain

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12
Q

What are examples of producers?

A

A green plant or algae

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13
Q

How can feeding relationships within a community be represented?

A

Food chains

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14
Q

What are primary consumers?

A

Organisms that eat producers

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15
Q

What are secondary consumers?

A

Organisms that eat primary consumers

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16
Q

What are consumers?

A

An animal that eats to gain energy

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17
Q

What are predators?

A

Consumers that kill and eat other animals

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18
Q

What are prey?

A

Consumers that are hunted and killed by other animals

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19
Q

Why is it important that materials are cycled?

A

To provide the building blocks for future organisms

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20
Q

What is the carbon cycle?

A

It is the way that carbon is returned from organisms to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide to then be used by plants in photosynthesis

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21
Q

What are some of the processes that cycle carbon?

A

Photosynthesis, respiration, combustion

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22
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water ——> glucose + oxygen

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23
Q

What is the word equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen ——> carbon dioxide + water

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24
Q

What is the word equation for combustion?

A

Fuel + oxygen ——> carbon dioxide + water

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25
Q

How is carbon returned to the environment when an organism dies?

A

Microorganisms such as bacteria feed on the organic compounds in the dead material and respire releasing carbon dioxide

26
Q

What happens during the water cycle?

A

It provides fresh water for plants and animals on land before draining into the sea. The water is continuously evaporated and precipitated

27
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of decay?

A

Increased temperature increases the rate of decay
Decay stops if temperature is too hot as enzymes denature.

28
Q

How does water affect the rate of decay?

A

Damp conditions increase the rate of decay

29
Q

How does the availability of oxygen affect the rate of decay

A

Increased availability increases the rate of decay

30
Q

What is compost?

A

A natural fertiliser used by gardeners used to help grow garden plants or crops

31
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

It is a system composed of glands which secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the blood stream

32
Q

How does the hormonal compare to the nervous system?

A

It is much slower and involved the blood stream rather than nerves to produce an effect

33
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

It is a master gland which secretes several hormones into the blood

34
Q

Why is the pituitary gland known as the master gland?

A

It releases hormones that stimulate other hormones to be released from other glands

35
Q

What is blood glucose concentration monitored and controlled by?

A

The pancreas

36
Q

What happens if blood glucose is too high?

A

Insulin is released that moves glucose into muscle and liver cells and converts it into glycogen for storage

37
Q

What happens if blood glucose is too low?

A

The pancreas releases glucagon that converts glycogen into glucose and releases it into the blood.

38
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

A disorder in which the pancreas fails to make enough insulin. It causes uncontrolled high blood glucose levels.

39
Q

How is type 1 diabetes treated?

A

Insulin injections and diet

40
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

A disorder in which the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas

41
Q

How is type 2 diabetes treated?

A

Controlled diet and exercise regime

42
Q

What is a risk factor of type 2 diabetes?

A

Obesity

43
Q

What cell division forms non identical cells?

A

Meiosis

44
Q

What type of cell division forms identical cells?

A

Mitosis

45
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Sex cell

46
Q

What are examples of animal gametes?

A

Sperm and egg cells

47
Q

What are examples of plant gametes?

A

Pollen and egg cell

48
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

When a male and female sex cell fuse together

49
Q

What causes variety during sexual reproduction?

A

Mixing of genetic material

50
Q

How are sex cells (gametes) formed?

A

Meiosis

51
Q

How many parents are involved in asexual reproduction?

A

One

52
Q

Why is there no variation between offspring produced through asexual reproduction?

A

No mixing of genetic material and no fusion of gametes

53
Q

What is a clone

A

Organisms that are genetically identical

54
Q

What type of cell division is involved during asexual reproduction

A

Mitosis

55
Q

How do gametes form through meiosis

A

Copies of genetic information are made, the cell divides twice to make 4 gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes

56
Q

What is DNA?

A

A polymer made up of two strands forming a double helix

57
Q

What is DNA contained within?

A

Chromosomes

58
Q

What is a gene?

A

Section of DNA that codes for a specific protein

59
Q

What is the genome?

A

The entire genetic material of that organisms

60
Q

Why is knowledge of the genome important?

A

Helps us understand and treat inherited disorders and trace human migration patterns from the past.

GCSE Science (25 decks)

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