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GCSE Science > B1 Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Eukaryotic (plant and animal)
Prokaryotic (bacteria)

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2
Q

What are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound organelles and a nucleus containing genetic material while prokaryotic do not.

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3
Q

What is the prokaryotic cell wall composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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4
Q

What is genetic information stored in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Found free within the cytoplasm as:
Chromosomal DNA (single large loop of circular DNA)
Plasmid DNA

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5
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small, circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the main DNA
Carry genes that provide genetic advantages

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6
Q

What is order of magnitude?

A

A power to the base 10 used to quantify and compare size

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7
Q

What is a centimetre?

A

1x10^-2 metres

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8
Q

What is a millimetre?

A

1x10^-3 metres

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9
Q

What is a micrometer?

A

1x10^-6 metres

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10
Q

What is a nanometre?

A

1x10^-9 metres

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11
Q

List the similarities of both plant and animal cells

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes

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12
Q

List the cell components of a plant cell

A

Chloroplasts
Permanent vacuole
Cell wall

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13
Q

Other than storing genetic information what is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls cellular activities

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14
Q

Describe the structure of the cytoplasm

A

Fluid component of the cell
Contains organelles, enzymes and dissolved ions and nutrients

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15
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Site of cellular reactions (first stage of cellular respiration)
Transport medium

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16
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls the entry and exit of materials into and out of the cell

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17
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of later stages of aerobic respiration in which ATP is produced

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18
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Joins amino acids in a specific order during translation for the synthesis of proteins

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19
Q

What is the plant cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose

20
Q

What is the function of the plant cell wall?

A

Provides strength
Prevents the cell bursting when water enters by osmosis

21
Q

What does the permanent vacuole contain?

A

Cell sap

22
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Supports the cell maintaining its turgidity

23
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis

24
Q

Describe how sperm cells in animals are adapted to their function

A

Tail enables movement
Haploid nucleus contains genetic information
Mitochondria provides energy for tail movement
Acrosome contains enzymes that digest the egg cell membrane

25
Q

Describe how nerve cells in animals are adapted to their function

A

Long axon allows electrical impulses to be transmitted all over the body from the central nervous system
Dendrites from the cell body connect to and receive impulses from other nerve cells muscles and glands
Myelin sheath insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of impulses along the nerve cell

26
Q

Describe how muscle cells in animals are adapted to their function

A

Arrangement of protein filaments allows them to slide over each other to produce muscle contraction
Mitochondria to provide energy for muscle contraction
Merged cells in skeletal muscle allow muscle fibre contraction in unison

27
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules combined with proteins. They contain genes which provide the instructions for protein synthesis

28
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA which codes for a protein

29
Q

How many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of human body cells?

A

46

30
Q

How many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of gametes?

A

23

31
Q

How are chromosomes arranged in the nucleus of a human body?

A

Arranged in pairs (46 chromosomes, 23 pairs)

32
Q

What are the three main stages of the cell cycle?

A
  1. Replication of DNA and synthesis of organelles
  2. Mitosis
  3. Division of cell
33
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A

Produces identical cells which all have the same genetic information
Produces additional cells for growth and repair

34
Q

Describe the first stage of the cell cycle

A

Longest stage- cells grow and increase in mass, replicate DNA and synthesise more organelles (e.g. ribosomes, mitochondria)

35
Q

Describe the second stage of the cell cycle

A

Each chromosome in a pair is pulled to opposite poles of the cell then the nucleus divides

36
Q

Describe the third stage of the cell cycle

A

The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide two identical daughter cells are produced

37
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An unspecialised cell which is capable of differentiating into other cell types and or self renewal

38
Q

What is the function of stem cells in embryos?

A

Embryonic stem cells can replicate themselves and differentiate into many other types of cells.
Embryonic stem cells may be able to treat conditions such as paralysis and diabetes by dividing to replace damaged cells

39
Q

What is the function of stem cells in adult bone marrow?

A

Adult stem cells can differentiate into several cell types to replace dead or damaged tissues. (For example bone marrow stem cells can form many different types of blood cell

40
Q

What is the function of stem cells in plant meristems?

A

Meristems stem cells retain the ability to differentiate into any type of plant cell throughout their lifespan they can differentiate into any cell which is required by the plant

41
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

A cloning method where an embryo is produced with the same genetic makeup as the patient.
The stem cells which originate from the embryo will not be rejected by the patients immune system so can be used to treat certain medical conditions

42
Q

What are the advantages of cloning plants using meristem stem cells?

A

Can prevent rare plants from becoming extinct
Can produce large numbers of plants with a favourable characteristic
Can produce identical plants for research

43
Q

What are issues associated with the use of embryonic stem cells?

A

Sourced from aborted embryos (ethical religious objection)
Development of stem cell therapies is slow, expensive and difficult
Adult stem cells infected with viruses could transfer infections to patients
If donor stem cells do not have a similar genetic makeup to the patient an immune response could be triggered

44
Q

Define nucleus

A

Diameter 10um a nucleus membrane surrounds it, controls the activities of the cell. Contains genes that carry the instructions for making proteins.

45
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

Jelly- like material that contains dissolved nutrients, salts and organelles. Where most chemical reactions take place

46
Q

Define cell membrane

A

Surrounds the cell. It’s structure is permeable to some substances but not to others. It therefore controls the passage and movement of substances. Into and out of the cell

47
Q

Define mitochondria

A

Small structure (1-2 um long, 0.2-0.um in diameter) in the cytoplasm. Where aerobic respiration takes place

GCSE Science (25 decks)

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