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Biology I > Biology Module 7 > Flashcards

Biology Module 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleotide

A

Building blocks of nucleic acids, include sugar (ribose for Rna, deoxyribose for Dna) a nitrogenous base, and phosphate group

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2
Q

DNA double helix

A

Twisted ladder with twin tails of sugar-phosphate backbones alternating units of deoxyribose + phosphate joined by covalent bonds, two chains are antiparallel

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3
Q

3 prime (3’) or 5 prime

A

End of nucleic acid terminating at third of fifth carbon of sugar molecule

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4
Q

Base pairs

A

Adenine (A) Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) joined by hydrogen bonds

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5
Q

Purines

A

Bases with double ring structure (A + G)

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6
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Bases with single ring (C + T)

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7
Q

Complementary

A

A pairs with T or U, G pairs with C

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8
Q

Genome

A

All the genetic info in organism, one circular DNA in bacterial cell, divided among linear chromosomes in Eukaryotic

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9
Q

Gene

A

Sequence of DNA that encode a specific protein or RNA molecule

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10
Q

Central dogma

A

Relationship between nucleic acids and proteins as a flow of information

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11
Q

Transcription

A

Cell produces RNA using DNA as template

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12
Q

Translation

A

Info in RNA is used to assemble protein

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13
Q

RNA

A

Intermediate between DNA and protein nucleotides contain sugar ribose as nitrogenous base iris cell, which binds with adenine in complementary base pairs, can be single stranded and catalyze chemical reactions

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14
Q

Messenger RNA

A

Carrie’s info that specifies a protein divided into genetic codeword codons group of three consecutive MRNA bases that correspond to one amino acid

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15
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

Combines of protein to form a ribosome the physical location were translation occurs some help correctly align ribosome others catalyze formation of the bonds between amino acids in developing protein

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16
Q

Transfer RNA

A

Molecules are connectors that bind an mRNA codon at one end in a specific amino acid, other role is to carry amino acids to ribosome to correct spot along mRNA molecule

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17
Q

Template strand

A

Contains the DNA sequence that is transcribed to RNA usually two strands

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18
Q

Promoter

A

DNA sequence that signals a gene start in indicates which strand is the template

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19
Q

Stages of transcription

A

Initiation: RNA polymerase attaches to promoter and unzipped DNA double helix exposing template strand
Elongation: RNA polymerase moves along DNA template strand in 3-5’ direction adding RNA nucleotides complementary to exposed bases on 3’ end
Termination: DNA signals end of gene upon reaching terminator RNA Pommer enzyme separates from DNA template releases, newly produce RNA, DNA molecule resumes double helix shape

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20
Q

Gene expression

A

Production of either functional RNA molecule or protein

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21
Q

5’ cap

A

After transcription, short sequence of modified nucleotides are added to 5’ end of mRNA molecule

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22
Q

Poly A tail

A

Formed by 100-200 adenine added to 3’ end

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23
Q

Cap + Tail

A

Enhanced translation by protecting mRNA, from being degraded in cytoplasm and help ribosomes attached to 5’ end of mRNA molecule

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24
Q

Intron

A

Portions of mRNA that are removed before translation, small, catalytic RNA and proteins remove intron from mRNA.

25
Q

Exons

A

Remaining portions that are spliced together to form, mature, mRNA that leaves nucleus to be translated, mRNA have 70+

26
Q

Genetic code

A

Set of rules by which a cell uses the codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into a protein

27
Q

Codon

A

A group of free RNA bases corresponding, either to one amino acid, or to a stop signal

28
Q

First codon

A

AUG

29
Q

Stop codons

A

UGA, UAA, UAG

30
Q

Anticodon

A

Found in tRNA freebase loop that is complementary to one mRNA codon

31
Q

Stages of translation

A

Initiation: small, ribosomal, subunits bind to 5’ end of mRNA include region of untranslated nucleotides between cap and start codon, which attracts tRNA, carrying amino acid methionine Elongation: tRNA carries second amino acid to second codon where they bind amino acids align and covalent bond is formed peptide bond, release of tRNA ribosomes move down, mRNA by one codon
Termination: ribosome reaches, stop, codon, release factor binds to stop codon release last TRA ribosome units, separate and recycle new polypeptide release proteins that must fold correctly

32
Q

Operon

A

Group of related genes, plus a promoter and operator that control the transcription of the entire group at once

33
Q

Promoter (transcription)

A

Site which RNA polymerase attaches to begin transcription

34
Q

Operator

A

DNA sequence located between promoter and protein and encoding region

35
Q

Repressor

A

Protein that when bound to operator prevents transcription of genes

36
Q

Lac operon

A

Consist of three genes that code lactose degrading enzyme, promoter and operator

37
Q

Regulatory tags

A

Enzymes in cell can modify stretches of DNA by adding or removing the sec consisting of methyl groups

38
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of changes in gene expression that don’t involve changes in DNA sequence

39
Q

Transcription factors

A

Proteins that bind DNA at specific sequences that regulate transcription may bind to gene promoter or enhancers

40
Q

Enhancer

A

Regulatory DNA sequence that lies outside the promoter may be located near gene or within, but thousands of base pairs away

41
Q

Signal transduction

A

Hormone or others binds to outside of cell and trigger series of chemical reactions inside cell mRNA, must exit nucleus and attach to ribosome for protein production

42
Q

microRNA

A

Complementary to coding mRNA, when combined silence genes

43
Q

Mutation

A

Any change in a cells DNA sequence

44
Q

Substitution mutation

A

Replacement of one DNA base with another

45
Q

Missense mutation

A

Sub mutation changes a base triplet, so it specifies to different amino acid

46
Q

Nonsense mutations

A

Based triplets specifying, amino acid changes into one that encode stop codon, which shorten protein product

47
Q

Insertion mutation

A

Adds 1+ nucleotides to a gene

48
Q

Deletion mutation

A

Removes nucleotides

49
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Nucleotides are added, or deleted by a number other than multiple of three which disrupts codon reading frame and devastates proteins function

50
Q

Expanding, repeat, mutation

A

Number of copies of a free or four nucleotide sequence increases over several generations

51
Q

Mutagens

A

Any external agent that includes mutations, such as radiation or pollution?

52
Q

Transposable element/transposon

A

DNA sequence that can jump within the genome, if landed ingene can disrupt it

53
Q

Germ line mutation

A

DNA sequence changed that occurs in cells that give rise to sperm and eggs, are heritable

54
Q

Somatic mutation

A

Occurs in nonsex cells, not heritable

55
Q

Alleles

A

Variants of genes, ~25,000 in humans

56
Q

Homeotic genes

A

Encode transcription factors that are expressed during the development of an embryo, control formation of organisms body parts

57
Q

DNA -> transcription-> RNA -> translation

A

Protein

58
Q

DNA to RNA letters

A

AGTC
UCAG

59
Q

DNA polymerase

A

responsible for the process of DNA replication, during which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied into two identical DNA molecules.

Biology I (7 decks)

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