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Biology I > Biology Module 2 > Flashcards

Biology Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Subatomic Particles

A

Electron, neutron, proton

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2
Q

Matter

A

Any material that takes up space

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3
Q

Energy

A

The ability to move matter ex. heat, light, chemical bonds

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4
Q

Chemical Element

A

Pure substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into other substances

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5
Q

Bulk Elements

A

Needed in large amounts because they make up majority of every living cell
Ex. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium.

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6
Q

Trace elements

A

Required in small amounts
Ex. iron, and zinc

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7
Q

Atom

A

Composed of three subatomic particles

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8
Q

Protons

A

Positive Charge

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9
Q

Neutrons

A

Uncharged

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10
Q

Electrons

A

Negative Charge
Surround the nucleus

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11
Q

Atomic Number

A

of protons in the nucleus

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12
Q

Electrically Neutral / no net charge

A

When # of protons = # of electrons

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13
Q

Ion

A

An atom (or group of atoms) that gained or lost electrons, and now has net negative or positive charge

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14
Q

Mass Number

A

Total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus

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15
Q

All atoms of elements have the same number of protons, but not always same neutrons

A
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16
Q

Isotope

A

Different forms of a single element

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17
Q

Atomic Weight

A

The average mass of all atoms of an element, typically close to mass number of most abundant isotope

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18
Q

Radioactive Isotope

A

Emit energy as rays of particles when broken down into more stable forms

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19
Q

Half-Life Characteristic

A

Time it takes for half the atoms in sample to emit radiation or decay to a different more stable form

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20
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more chemically joined atoms

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21
Q

Compound

A

Molecule composed of two or more different elements

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22
Q

Orbitals

A

Describe the most likely location for an electron relative to its nucleus

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23
Q

Energy Cells

A

Group of electron orbitals that share same attractive force that holds atom together

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24
Q

Atom that lost electrons is an ion carrying positive charge

A

Atom who gained electron gets negative charge

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25
Ionic Bond
Result from the electrical attraction between two ions with opposite charges
26
Covalent Bond
Chemical bond were two atoms share electrons, monomer —> polymer
27
Polar Covalent Bond
Lopsided union in which one nucleus has a stronger pole than the other on the shared electrons (positive + negative ends)
28
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
Both atoms exerts equal pull on shared electrons
29
Hydrogen Bond
Weak chemical bond between opposite partial changes on two molecules or within one large molecule
30
Partial Positive Charge
Is always hydrogen bond
31
Cohesion
Tendency of water molecules to stick together
32
Surface Tension
Holds together at its surface
33
Adhesion
Tendency to form hydrogen bonds with substances other than water
34
Water is a solvent
A chemical in which other substances called solutes dissolve
35
Solution
Consist of one or more solutes dissolved in a liquid solvent
36
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water substances are either polar or charged + dissolve in water
37
Hydrophobic
Nonpolar molecules that are repelled by water and do not dissolve or form hydrogen bonds with water, resist temperature changes
38
Evaporation
Liquid —> Vapor (gas)
39
Water expands upon freezing
Less dense (floats) + molecules are locked
40
Chemical Reaction
Two or more molecules swap atoms to yield different molecules
41
Reactant
Starting material in chemical reaction
42
Product
Result of chemical reaction
43
Atoms aren’t created or destroyed
They are rearranged and chemical reactions
44
H+ Ions
Each a hydrogen atom stripped of its electron
45
Neutral solution
Neither acidic or basic, contains as much H+ as OH-
46
Acid
Chemical which adds H+ to a solution
47
Base
Opposite of acid, adds OH- ions, they either come apart to add OH- or absorb H+ ions
48
Acidic
pH lower than 7, high H+
49
Alkaline/Basic
pH greater than 7, low H+
50
pH scale
Each unit represents 10 fold change in H+
51
Buffers
Weak acid/base pair that resist change in pH
52
Organic Molecules/Macromolecules
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids. Carbon + hydrogen
53
Polymers
Long chains of small molecule subunits monomers
54
Dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction
Chemical reaction used by cells to link monomers into polymers, removes -OH from one molecule and hydrogen atom from another forming H2O
55
Hydrolysis
Breaks covalent bonds that link monomers enzymes add hydroxyl group to molecule and hydrogen atom to another
56
Carbohydrates
Organic molecules that consist of carbon hydrogen and oxygen (1:2:1) Main groups: simple sugars, complex carbohydrates
57
Monosaccharides
Smallest sugar molecule that contains five or six carbon atoms
58
Double bond
Share 4 electrons between atoms
59
Disaccharide
Two bonded monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
60
Oligosaccharide
Intermediate length carbohydrate consist of 3 to 100 monosaccharides
61
Glycoprotein
Sugar protein, important for immunity
62
Polysaccharide
Carbohydrate consists of 100 to 1000 monosacs —> cellulose certain starch glycogen
63
Protein
Chain of monomers called amino acids (peptide bond)
64
Amino Acids
Consist of a central atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, amino group (-NH2) and R group (side chain) Organisms use 20
65
Dehydration synthesis reaction
Connect amino acids to each other
66
Peptide Bond
Resulting covalent bond that links each amino acid to its neighbor Two form: dipeptide Three: tripeptide
67
Polypeptide
100 or more, folds into protein
68
Primary Structure
Amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain
69
Secondary Structure
Localized areas of coils and sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds
70
Tertiary Structure
Overall shape of a polypeptide rising, mostly from interactions between R groups and water, abundant in structural proteins
71
Quarternary Structure
Overall protein shape arising from interactions between multiple polypeptide that make up functional protein + only protein with multiple polypeptides have this structure
72
Protein Shape/Functions
Structural, contraction, transport, storage, enzymes, antibodies
73
Denature
Changes the shape of protein with heat, excessive salt, or wrong pH function is destroyed
74
Nucleic Acid
Long polymer of nucleotides, DNA or RNA
75
Nucleotides
Building block of nucleic acid, consist of a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base
76
Nitrogenous Base
Adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C), or uracil (U)
77
DNA
ATCG: glucose, nitrogen base, phosphate group two strands of nucleotides entwined to form a double helix shape, held together by hydrogen bonds
78
RNA
AUCG: single stranded
79
Lipids
Organic compounds that don’t dissolve in water, consist mostly of carbon and hydrogen
80
Triglycerides
Consist of three long hydrocarbon chains called fatty acids bonded by glycerol
81
Glycerol
Three carbon molecule forms, the backbone of triglyceride
82
Saturated Fatty Acids
Contain all hydrogen possible, a single bond between all carbon atoms
83
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
At least has one double bond between carbon atom, is oily at room temperature
84
Steroids
Lipids that have four interconnected carbon rings
85
Cholesterol
Starting material to make lipids, testosterone and estrogen
86
Waxes
Fatty acids combined with alcohol or other hydrocarbons, forming a stiff water repellent material
87
Phospholipids
Form major part of biological membranes (glycerol + Z fatty acids, + phosphate group)
88
Smallest to largest
Electron, proton, atom
89
Emulsifer
Molecules with a polar and and a nonpolar, and that can be used to disperse lipids into polar liquids such as water
90
Valence Shell
Outermost occupied energy shell of an atom, becomes more stable when filled
91
Phosphodiester Bond
Two hydroxyl groups react with hydroxyl group, backbone of DNA and RNA
92
Chemotroph
Organism obtain energy from electron in environment ex. bacteria
93
Orbital
First: 2 Second: 8
94
Single Water Molecule
Bonds oxygen and hydrogen with covalent bond
95
One Water Molecule Bonds with another…
Bonds with another water molecule with hygrogen bond
96
Monomer to polymer
Lose water with dehydration process
97
Polymer to monomer
Add water molecule

Biology I (7 decks)

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