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Biology I > Biology Module 2 > Flashcards

Biology Module 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Subatomic Particles

A

Electron, neutron, proton

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2
Q

Matter

A

Any material that takes up space

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3
Q

Energy

A

The ability to move matter ex. heat, light, chemical bonds

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4
Q

Chemical Element

A

Pure substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into other substances

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5
Q

Bulk Elements

A

Needed in large amounts because they make up majority of every living cell
Ex. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium.

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6
Q

Trace elements

A

Required in small amounts
Ex. iron, and zinc

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7
Q

Atom

A

Composed of three subatomic particles

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8
Q

Protons

A

Positive Charge

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9
Q

Neutrons

A

Uncharged

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10
Q

Electrons

A

Negative Charge
Surround the nucleus

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11
Q

Atomic Number

A

of protons in the nucleus

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12
Q

Electrically Neutral / no net charge

A

When # of protons = # of electrons

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13
Q

Ion

A

An atom (or group of atoms) that gained or lost electrons, and now has net negative or positive charge

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14
Q

Mass Number

A

Total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus

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15
Q

All atoms of elements have the same number of protons, but not always same neutrons

A
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16
Q

Isotope

A

Different forms of a single element

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17
Q

Atomic Weight

A

The average mass of all atoms of an element, typically close to mass number of most abundant isotope

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18
Q

Radioactive Isotope

A

Emit energy as rays of particles when broken down into more stable forms

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19
Q

Half-Life Characteristic

A

Time it takes for half the atoms in sample to emit radiation or decay to a different more stable form

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20
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more chemically joined atoms

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21
Q

Compound

A

Molecule composed of two or more different elements

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22
Q

Orbitals

A

Describe the most likely location for an electron relative to its nucleus

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23
Q

Energy Cells

A

Group of electron orbitals that share same attractive force that holds atom together

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24
Q

Atom that lost electrons is an ion carrying positive charge

A

Atom who gained electron gets negative charge

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25
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Result from the electrical attraction between two ions with opposite charges

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26
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Chemical bond were two atoms share electrons, monomer —> polymer

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27
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

Lopsided union in which one nucleus has a stronger pole than the other on the shared electrons (positive + negative ends)

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28
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A

Both atoms exerts equal pull on shared electrons

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29
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Weak chemical bond between opposite partial changes on two molecules or within one large molecule

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30
Q

Partial Positive Charge

A

Is always hydrogen bond

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31
Q

Cohesion

A

Tendency of water molecules to stick together

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32
Q

Surface Tension

A

Holds together at its surface

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33
Q

Adhesion

A

Tendency to form hydrogen bonds with substances other than water

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34
Q

Water is a solvent

A

A chemical in which other substances called solutes dissolve

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35
Q

Solution

A

Consist of one or more solutes dissolved in a liquid solvent

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36
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Attracted to water substances are either polar or charged + dissolve in water

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37
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Nonpolar molecules that are repelled by water and do not dissolve or form hydrogen bonds with water, resist temperature changes

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38
Q

Evaporation

A

Liquid —> Vapor (gas)

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39
Q

Water expands upon freezing

A

Less dense (floats) + molecules are locked

40
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

Two or more molecules swap atoms to yield different molecules

41
Q

Reactant

A

Starting material in chemical reaction

42
Q

Product

A

Result of chemical reaction

43
Q

Atoms aren’t created or destroyed

A

They are rearranged and chemical reactions

44
Q

H+ Ions

A

Each a hydrogen atom stripped of its electron

45
Q

Neutral solution

A

Neither acidic or basic, contains as much H+ as OH-

46
Q

Acid

A

Chemical which adds H+ to a solution

47
Q

Base

A

Opposite of acid, adds OH- ions, they either come apart to add OH- or absorb H+ ions

48
Q

Acidic

A

pH lower than 7, high H+

49
Q

Alkaline/Basic

A

pH greater than 7, low H+

50
Q

pH scale

A

Each unit represents 10 fold change in H+

51
Q

Buffers

A

Weak acid/base pair that resist change in pH

52
Q

Organic Molecules/Macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids. Carbon + hydrogen

53
Q

Polymers

A

Long chains of small molecule subunits monomers

54
Q

Dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction

A

Chemical reaction used by cells to link monomers into polymers, removes -OH from one molecule and hydrogen atom from another forming H2O

55
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaks covalent bonds that link monomers enzymes add hydroxyl group to molecule and hydrogen atom to another

56
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic molecules that consist of carbon hydrogen and oxygen (1:2:1)
Main groups: simple sugars, complex carbohydrates

57
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Smallest sugar molecule that contains five or six carbon atoms

58
Q

Double bond

A

Share 4 electrons between atoms

59
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two bonded monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

60
Q

Oligosaccharide

A

Intermediate length carbohydrate consist of 3 to 100 monosaccharides

61
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Sugar protein, important for immunity

62
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Carbohydrate consists of 100 to 1000 monosacs —> cellulose certain starch glycogen

63
Q

Protein

A

Chain of monomers called amino acids (peptide bond)

64
Q

Amino Acids

A

Consist of a central atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, amino group (-NH2) and R group (side chain)
Organisms use 20

65
Q

Dehydration synthesis reaction

A

Connect amino acids to each other

66
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Resulting covalent bond that links each amino acid to its neighbor
Two form: dipeptide Three: tripeptide

67
Q

Polypeptide

A

100 or more, folds into protein

68
Q

Primary Structure

A

Amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain

69
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Localized areas of coils and sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds

70
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Overall shape of a polypeptide rising, mostly from interactions between R groups and water, abundant in structural proteins

71
Q

Quarternary Structure

A

Overall protein shape arising from interactions between multiple polypeptide that make up functional protein
+ only protein with multiple polypeptides have this structure

72
Q

Protein Shape/Functions

A

Structural, contraction, transport, storage, enzymes, antibodies

73
Q

Denature

A

Changes the shape of protein with heat, excessive salt, or wrong pH
function is destroyed

74
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Long polymer of nucleotides, DNA or RNA

75
Q

Nucleotides

A

Building block of nucleic acid, consist of a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base

76
Q

Nitrogenous Base

A

Adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C), or uracil (U)

77
Q

DNA

A

ATCG: glucose, nitrogen base, phosphate group
two strands of nucleotides entwined to form a double helix shape, held together by hydrogen bonds

78
Q

RNA

A

AUCG: single stranded

79
Q

Lipids

A

Organic compounds that don’t dissolve in water, consist mostly of carbon and hydrogen

80
Q

Triglycerides

A

Consist of three long hydrocarbon chains called fatty acids bonded by glycerol

81
Q

Glycerol

A

Three carbon molecule forms, the backbone of triglyceride

82
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

Contain all hydrogen possible, a single bond between all carbon atoms

83
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

At least has one double bond between carbon atom, is oily at room temperature

84
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids that have four interconnected carbon rings

85
Q

Cholesterol

A

Starting material to make lipids, testosterone and estrogen

86
Q

Waxes

A

Fatty acids combined with alcohol or other hydrocarbons, forming a stiff water repellent material

87
Q

Phospholipids

A

Form major part of biological membranes (glycerol + Z fatty acids, + phosphate group)

88
Q

Smallest to largest

A

Electron, proton, atom

89
Q

Emulsifer

A

Molecules with a polar and and a nonpolar, and that can be used to disperse lipids into polar liquids such as water

90
Q

Valence Shell

A

Outermost occupied energy shell of an atom, becomes more stable when filled

91
Q

Phosphodiester Bond

A

Two hydroxyl groups react with hydroxyl group, backbone of DNA and RNA

92
Q

Chemotroph

A

Organism obtain energy from electron in environment ex. bacteria

93
Q

Orbital

A

First: 2 Second: 8

94
Q

Single Water Molecule

A

Bonds oxygen and hydrogen with covalent bond

95
Q

One Water Molecule Bonds with another…

A

Bonds with another water molecule with hygrogen bond

96
Q

Monomer to polymer

A

Lose water with dehydration process

97
Q

Polymer to monomer

A

Add water molecule

Biology I (7 decks)

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