Biology Module 6

Question 1

ATP

Answer 1

Powers nearly every activity that requires energy input

Question 2

Aerobic respiration

Answer 2

Use of glucose + oxygen to generate ATP, used by plants animals most microbes in O2 rich environments

Question 3

Anaerobic respiration & fermentation

Answer 3

Generate ATP without using O2

Question 4

3 main groups of biochemical pathways of respiration

Answer 4

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport

Question 5

Glycolysis

Answer 5

Six-carbon glucose molecule splits into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate

Question 6

Two ways glycolysis harvest energy

Answer 6

1. Electrons transfer to electron carrier molecule NADH 2. Generates two molecules of ATP

Question 7

Krebs cycle / Transition step

Answer 7

Oxidize pyruvate, release CO2, enzymes rearrange atoms + bonds to transfer pyruvate’s potential energy to ATP, NADH and FADH2

Question 8

FADH2

Answer 8

Coenzyme that carries electrons in respiration

Question 9

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 9

Transfers energy rich electrons from NADH + FADH2 through series of membrane proteins, Energy used to create gradient of hydrogen ions

Question 10

ATP synthase

Answer 10

Enzyme that forms a channel in the membrane, releasing protons and using potential energy to add phosphate to ADP while spent electrons transfer to O2 generating water as waste product

Question 11

Euka cell mitochondria

Answer 11

Specialized organelles that house the other reactions of cellular respiration, bounded by outer membrane + highly folded inner membrane

Question 12

Intermembrane compartment

Answer 12

Area between the two membranes

Question 13

Cristae

Answer 13

Folds of the inner membranr

Question 14

Matrix

Answer 14

Fluid enclosed within the inner membrane

Question 15

Substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 15

An enzyme transfers a phosphate group directly from high energy donor molecule to ADP, doesn’t require photon gradient or ATP synthaze

Question 16

Transition step

Answer 16

Further oxidizes each pyruvate molecule by first removing a molecule of CO2, reduces NAD+ to NADH, two carbon group acetyl transferred to form coenzyme A

Question 17

Acetyl coenzyme A

Answer 17

Molecule that enters the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration

Question 18

Kreb’s cycle

Answer 18

Completes oxidation of each acetyl group, releases CO2, cycle begins when acetyl CoA sheds coenzyme and combines with four molecule oxaloacetale resulting in six-carbon citrate

Question 19

Electron transport chain

Answer 19

High energy electron carriers (NADH + FADH2) transferred to ETC in inner mitochondrial membrane, first protein in chain accepts electrons from NADH, FADH2 donates electrons to second

Question 20

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 20

Uses electron acceptor other than O2, always lower ATP yield

Question 21

Fermentation

Answer 21

Metabolic pathway in which NADH from glycolysis reduces pyruvate, regenerates NAD+to continue glycolysis, produces no additional ATP, common for microorganisms in sugar rich environments

Question 22

Where does x occur

Answer 22

Euka: krebs in matrix(mito) ETC inner membrane
Proka: krebs in cytosol ETC cell membrane