Biology Module 4 Flashcards
Potential energy
Stored energy available to do work chemical plus concentration gradient
Kinetic energy
Energy in motion, (light, sound, molecules)
First law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, just converted from one form to another
Second law of thermodynamics
Every reaction loses some energy to surrounding heat, entropy always increases
Metabolism
The biochemistry reactions of a cell
Endergonic reaction
Chemical reaction required a net input of energy, products contain more energy than reactants
Exergonic reaction
Energy releasing chemical reaction, products contain less energy than reactants (cellular respiration)
Electron transport chain
Membrane bound molecular complex that shuttles electrons to slowly extract energy. Each protein accepts electron then passes it. first is oxidized, second is reduced.
ATP
Type of nucleotide components are nitrogen containing base adenine, five carbon sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups, each with negatively charged oxygen atom, unstable, release energy when covalent bond between phosphate break
H2O + ATP —> ADP + P
ATP hydrolysis releases energy that fuels endergonic reactions
P + ADP —> ATP + H2O
Energy from exergonic reactions fuel ATP production
ATP hydrolysis
Removing and most phosphate group of ATP, yields ADP and free phosphate group, cells use released energy
Simple diffusion
Movement of solutes from high to low concentration without transport protein
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of solutes from high to low with transport proteins
Osmosis
Movement of water from high concentration to low concentration, through selectively permeable membrane, permits water not solutes to pets
Active transport
Solute movement low to high concentration with transport protein and energy
Oxidization reduction reaction
Chemical reaction in which one reactant is oxidized and another is reduced, transfer energized electrons
Negative feedback
Regulatory mechanism in which a change in condition triggers action that reverses change
Noncompetitive inhibition
Product molecules binding to the enzyme at a location other than the active site, altering the enzyme shape so it no longer binds to substrate
Competitive inhibition
Product of a reactant binds to the enzymes active site preventing it from binding to the substrate
Positive feedback
A process that reinforces an existing condition
Concentration gradient
Difference in solute concentrations between two adjacent regions. More concentration equals less solute.
Isotonic
Condition in which a solute concentration is the same on both sides of a permeable membrane
Hypotonic
solute concentration is lower than it is inside the cell, water moves in faster than leaves, cell swell and may burst.
Hypertonic
Higher concentration of solutes, then cell cytoplasm cell loses water, faster, shrivel, and may die
Turgor pressure
Resulting force of water against the plant cell wall helps. Keep plants erect, hypertonic make plants wilt
Transport vesicle
Small sack that can pinch off or fuse with cell membrane, aid large particles
Endocytosis
Cell membrane engulf fluids in large molecules to bring them into the cell, vesicle forms from membrane and bring + surround particles into cell
Pinocytosis
Cell engulf, small amounts of fluids and dissolved substances
Exocytosis
Use vesicles to transport fluids and particles out of cell
