Biology Chapter 9: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Question 1

Describe inspiration

Answer 1

1) Diaphragm contracts
2) Volume in thoracic cavity increases, dropping pressuring
3) air enters lungs (higher atm pressure from outside into lower pressure inside)

Question 2

forced exhalation beyond norm uses the

Answer 2

intercostal muscles NOT the diapharagm (diaphargm relaxes during expiration)

Question 3

At the residual volume of the lungs, the intrapleural pressure is at it’s

Answer 3

maximium

Question 4

Afferent Artetioles

Answer 4

Think “Arrive” artetioles that bring blood to a structure

Question 5

Efferent Artetioles

Answer 5

Think “Exit” artetioles that carry blood away from the structure

Question 6

Why is hemoglobin-oxygen (Hb-O2) dissociation curve sigmoidal?

Answer 6

The shape implies that as each molecule of O2 binds to hemoglobin, the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 goes up (cooperative binding) until it reaches saturation

Question 7

Homotropic regulation

Answer 7

is when a molecule serves as a substrate for its target enzyme and as a regulatory molecule of the enzyme’s activity. O2 is a homotropic allosteric modulator of hemoglobin. The four subunits of hemoglobin bind to oxygen cooperatively, meaning the binding of oxygen to one of the four subunits will increase the likelihood that the remaining sites will bind with oxygen as well.

Question 8

A, B, C and D?

Answer 8

A = tidal volume
B = Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
C = Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
D = Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

Question 9

E, F, G H?

Answer 9

E = Residual Volume (RV)
F = Vital Capacity (VC)
G = Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
H = total lung capacity (TLC)

Question 10

Increased fluid in the tissues caused by decrease in the plasma protein level is called what

Answer 10

Edema

Question 11

Adsorption

Answer 11

Adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface

Question 12

Surfactant meaning

Answer 12

ANTI surface tension

Question 13

Surface tension wants the lung to

Answer 13

COLLAPSE

Question 14

How does the lung prevent collapse?

Answer 14

By produce surfactant to decrease surface tension (released by type II pneumocytes)

Question 15

Surfactant is made from what

Answer 15

phospholipids

if you add oil to a glass of water, it kills the surface tension (ie pin sits on water but it drops if you add oil)

Question 16

hyperventilation leads to high O2 or CO2?

Answer 16

High O2

Question 17

why do you give someone a paper bag to breathe into if they are hyper ventilating?

Answer 17

so that they breath in more CO2

Question 18

Heme vs hemoglobin vs vs RBC hematocrit

Answer 18

Heme = Heme is a prosthetic group that contains iron (Fe²⁺) at its center. It reversibly binds oxygen

Hemoglobin = protein with 4 subunits, each subunit contains 1 heme group (carries 4 oxygens)

RBC = contains 270million Hb

Hematocrit = Blood test that measures total RBC volume percentage in blood.

Question 19

systolic blood pressure vs disystolic

Answer 19

systolic = pressure exerted on the blood vessel walls when the heart is contracting

disystolic (denominator) = pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats, typically the lower number in a blood pressure reading.