Biology Chapter 9: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Flashcards
Describe inspiration
1) Diaphragm contracts
2) Volume in thoracic cavity increases, dropping pressuring
3) air enters lungs (higher atm pressure from outside into lower pressure inside)
forced exhalation beyond norm uses the
intercostal muscles NOT the diapharagm (diaphargm relaxes during expiration)
At the residual volume of the lungs, the intrapleural pressure is at it’s
maximium
Afferent Artetioles
Think “Arrive” artetioles that bring blood to a structure
Efferent Artetioles
Think “Exit” artetioles that carry blood away from the structure
Why is hemoglobin-oxygen (Hb-O2) dissociation curve sigmoidal?
The shape implies that as each molecule of O2 binds to hemoglobin, the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 goes up (cooperative binding) until it reaches saturation
Homotropic regulation
is when a molecule serves as a substrate for its target enzyme and as a regulatory molecule of the enzyme’s activity. O2 is a homotropic allosteric modulator of hemoglobin. The four subunits of hemoglobin bind to oxygen cooperatively, meaning the binding of oxygen to one of the four subunits will increase the likelihood that the remaining sites will bind with oxygen as well.
A, B, C and D?
A = tidal volume
B = Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
C = Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
D = Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
E, F, G H?
E = Residual Volume (RV)
F = Vital Capacity (VC)
G = Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
H = total lung capacity (TLC)
Increased fluid in the tissues caused by decrease in the plasma protein level is called what
Edema
Adsorption
Adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface
Surfactant meaning
ANTI surface tension
Surface tension wants the lung to
COLLAPSE
How does the lung prevent collapse?
By produce surfactant to decrease surface tension (released by type II pneumocytes)
Surfactant is made from what
phospholipids
if you add oil to a glass of water, it kills the surface tension (ie pin sits on water but it drops if you add oil)
hyperventilation leads to high O2 or CO2?
High O2
why do you give someone a paper bag to breathe into if they are hyper ventilating?
so that they breath in more CO2
Heme vs hemoglobin vs vs RBC hematocrit
Heme = Heme is a prosthetic group that contains iron (Fe²⁺) at its center. It reversibly binds oxygen
Hemoglobin = protein with 4 subunits, each subunit contains 1 heme group (carries 4 oxygens)
RBC = contains 270million Hb
Hematocrit = Blood test that measures total RBC volume percentage in blood.
systolic blood pressure vs disystolic
systolic = pressure exerted on the blood vessel walls when the heart is contracting
disystolic (denominator) = pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats, typically the lower number in a blood pressure reading.
Why does right shift result in less O2 hemoglobin saturation?
Because the muscles need O2 more, so O2 binds less tightly
When the curve is shifted to the right, the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin at high partial pressures is less affected than it is at lower pressures. We can see this by looking at Figure 1. At a PO2 of 100 mmHg, the difference in saturation between a normal and right-shifted curve is minimal. However, at a PO2 of 40 mmHg, the difference is more profound. As a result, the amount of oxygen that each red blood cell picks up in the alveoli of the lungs is not significantly decreased, but the amount of oxygen release in the tissues increases markedly.
Do RBCs carry CO2?
Yes! 70% is converted into bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) inside RBCs.
bicarbonate vs carbonate
HCO₃= bicarbonate
HCO₃2- = carbonate
Increasing the volume of air that reaches the alveoli and takes part in gas exchange will cause blood pH to:
Which blood type is the universal donor and which is the universal recipient?
AB blood type has what antibodies?
NONE because it has AB antigens in RBCs
A type blood has what antigens and what antibodies? Who can receive A type blood?
A type has A antigens, B antibodies. Can receive A type and O type
How the Rh Factor Works:
Rh-positive (Rh⁺): Has the Rh antigen on red blood cells.
Rh-negative (Rh⁻): Lacks the Rh antigen on red blood cells.
If an Rh-negative person receives Rh-positive blood, their immune system may produce anti-Rh antibodies, which can cause a reaction in future transfusions.
Why can’t A- receive A+ blood?
Because A- will create antibodies for the Rh antigen. there could be an immune response in the next transfusion
Why would a blood clot lead to edema?
Blood clot would increase hydrostatic pressure, forcing more of the fluid to be pushed out into interstitial space
Difference between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
✅ Key Concept: Hydrostatic pushes fluid out; osmotic pressure pulls fluid in. Their balance determines fluid movement in capillaries.
C) *** Remember not all tissues need O2 –> Focus on the MUSCLES
order from highest to lowest BP: Aorta, capillaries, veins, arteries
orthostatic hypotension
The drop in pressure occurs due to delayed constriction of the lower body blood vessels, which is required to maintain an adequate blood pressure when changing position from supine to standing. Consequently, blood pools in the blood vessels of the lower extremities for a longer period, and less is returned to the heart, thereby leading to a reduced delivery of blood to the head. Lightheadedness and dizziness are signs of temporarily reduced blood flow to the brain.
specialized epithelial cells that produce mucus in the respiratory tract
Goblet Cells
C)
actively contracting muscles = unloading of O2 therefore PO2 is lower in the blood
***remember hemoglobin is found in the blood NOT tissue
A)
Venous blood
blood in veins lol
Do RBCs have mitochondria
NO they survive by relying entirely on anaerobic glycolysis for ATP production, since they lack mitochondria and cannot perform oxidative phosphorylation
do the atrium or ventricles have thicker walls?
The ventricles
de oxygenated blood path through the heart
Vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery
oxygenated blood through the heart
Pulmonary vein → left atrium → mitral (bicuspid) valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta
is the right ventricle or the left ventricle thicker?
left ventricle is thicker because it pumps blood through the whole body
Can veins constrict/dilate?
Not as much as arteries
Veins are often called “capacitance vessels” because they store most of the body’s blood volume.
In certain situations (like exercise, blood loss, or sympathetic stimulation), veins constrict (called venoconstriction) to push more blood back to the heart.
This helps increase venous return, stroke volume, and cardiac output.
Thrombocytes
= platelets
primary source of proteins critical for clotting + fibrinolysis.
Liver
