Biology Chapter 12: Musculoskeletal System and Skin

Question 1

Cartilage is made from what kind of cell

Answer 1

Chondrocytes (make up collagen)

Question 2

Collagen is found in the

Answer 2

Extracellular matrix

Question 3

Axial skeleton is made up of

Answer 3

Vertical axis including skull and vertebral column and ribs which houses the CNS

Question 4

Order the vertebrae sections from top to bottom

Answer 4

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx

Question 5

Number of ribs

Answer 5

12 pairs of ribs that encase heart and lungs

Question 6

Middle part of long bone

Answer 6

Diaphysis

Question 7

End of long bone

Answer 7

Epiphysis

Question 8

Growth plate is called what and where is it located?

Answer 8

And the end of the diaphysis before the epiphysis. Also called epiphyseal plate

Question 9

Example of a sesamoid bone

Answer 9

Patella (embedded in tendons

Question 10

Non cellular part of the bone is made of what

Answer 10

Collagen fibres, water and crystallized materials (hydrooxyapatite)

Question 11

Storage deposit for calcium and phosphate

Answer 11

Hydrooxyapatite

Question 12

Osteoblasts

Answer 12

Create new bone by producing osteoids

Question 13

Osteoclasts

Answer 13

Break down bone (remember “chew up” bone)

Question 14

Osteocytes

Answer 14

Most common bone cell but “least special” - retired osteoblasts

Question 15

Calcitriol is a derivative of

Answer 15

Vitamin D

Question 16

Parathyroid and calcitriol increase or decrease blood calcium levels?

Answer 16

Increase blood Ca by stimulating osteoclast activity and increase absorption of dietary calcium from digestive tract

Question 17

Calcitonin

Answer 17

Decreases blood calcium levels. Secreted from the thyroid gland. Inhibits activity of osteoclasts. Also will reduce absorption of calcium from digestive tract

Question 18

Fundamental unit of compact bone

Answer 18

Osteon

Question 19

Osteon also called

Answer 19

Haversian system

Question 20

Osteons

Answer 20

Basic unit of compact bone. Cylindrical structures composed of concentric rings or lamellae of bone matrix

Question 21

In the center of Osteon is a central channel called

Answer 21

Haversian canal

Question 22

Haversian canal houses what

Answer 22

Bone’s supply of blood and nerve supply

Question 23

In compact bone, osteocytes live in

Answer 23

Its own pocket of space called the lacuna

Question 24

Osteocytes communicate through channels running perpendicular to Haversian canal called

Answer 24

Canaliculi. Exchange nutrients and waste products through extensions of their cytoplasm via these channels

Question 25

Bone marrow is found

Answer 25

Flat bones and heads of long bones

Question 26

Red bone marrow

Answer 26

Hematopoesis (production of blood cells) produces both red and white blood cells

Question 27

Yellow bone marrow made of

Answer 27

Adipocytes, storage of fat

Question 28

The cross-bridge is currently positioned at a 90° angle to the thin filament. This moment in time occurs immediately after:

Answer 28

ATP is hydrolyzed to form ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate restores the myosin head to a 90° angle, “cocking” it for new attachment and the ensuing power stroke.

Question 29

Megakaryotes

Answer 29

large bone marrow cells with a large nucleus which are responsible for the production of platelets, which are necessary for normal blood clotting

Also, Megakaryocytes are precursor cells that express some immune-related surface markers, like CD4, that HIV uses for entry.

Question 30

Juxtaglomerular Cells

Answer 30

These are specialized smooth muscle cells located in the walls of the afferent arterioles of the kidney. They play a role in regulating blood pressure by secreting renin in response to certain stimuli.