Biology Chapter 8: Reproduction and Development

Question 1

Multipotency

Answer 1

describes progenitor cells which have the gene activation potential to differentiate into multiple, but limited cell types. For example, a multipotent blood stem cell is a hematopoietic cell, and this cell type can differentiate itself into several types of blood cells, such as lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, but cannot differentiate into cells of other lineages.

Question 2

pluripotent

Answer 2

stem cell can give rise to cells of any of the three germ layers: endoderm (tissue lining the gastrointestinal and respiratory linings), mesoderm (muscle, bone, blood, and the lining of most of the urogenital system), or ectoderm (epidermal and nervous tissues).

Question 3

Totipotency

Answer 3

is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism (e.g., a zygote is a totipotent cell)

Question 4

Meiosis I results in _____ haploid cells with _______ chromosomes, each chromosome consisting of _______ sister chromatids.

Answer 4

2 haploid cells with 23 chromosomes, each chromosome consisting of 2 sister chromatids.

Question 5

Inheritance if something is transmitted through the germ cells,

Answer 5

it means it is heritable and passed on to offspring.

Question 6

Difference in end result is a non disjunct event occurs in meiosis I or meiosis II

Answer 6

Meiosis I - get 2 trisomy
Meiosis II - get 1 trisomy

Question 7

ecotderm developmental path (outer layer)

Answer 7

-Outer surface (like skin)
-CNS
-Neural crest

Question 8

Mesoderm developmental path

Answer 8

Notochord, bone tissue, tubule cells of kidneys, RBC, facial muscles

so mainly musculature, connective tissue (blood, bone and cartilage), gonads, kidneys and adrenals

Question 9

Endoderm development path

Answer 9

interior lining of body such as gastrointestinal system, pancreas, part of the liver, bladder and lungs

Question 10

Describe the process of neurulation

Answer 10

Question 11

What is neurulation

Answer 11

process in which the nervous system is formed

Question 12

What part in neurulation forms the CNS?

Answer 12

The neural tube

The anterior (rostral) part of the neural tube develops into the brain.
The posterior (caudal) part of the neural tube develops into the spinal cord.

Question 13

Hormone responsible for triggering ovulation

Answer 13

LH

Question 14

What is estrogen’s role in the follicular phase?

Answer 14

rises in the follicular phase, stimulates endometrial growth, and triggers the LH surge for ovulation.

Question 15

What is estrogen’s role in the luteal phase?

Answer 15

Estrogen supports the luteal phase but is secondary to progesterone.

Question 16

What causes mentruation?

Answer 16

A drop in estrogen leads to menstruation if pregnancy does not occur.

Question 17

What is Progesterone’s role in the follicular phase?

Answer 17

low Progesterone

Question 18

What is Progesterone’s role in the luteal phase?

Answer 18

After ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which secretes high levels of progesterone.
Key function:
Thickens and maintains the endometrial lining, making it receptive to a fertilized egg.
Inhibits uterine contractions to prevent premature shedding of the lining.
Suppresses FSH and LH to prevent another ovulation in the same cycle.

Question 19

FSH role in the follicular phase

Answer 19

Early Follicular Phase (Days 1-7) → Stimulates Follicle Growth

FSH is released from the anterior pituitary gland in response to low estrogen and progesterone levels at the start of the cycle.
It stimulates several follicles in the ovaries to grow and mature.
Each follicle contains an immature egg (oocyte) surrounded by granulosa cells that begin producing estrogen.

Question 20

Difference in function for sperm development testes vs epididymis

Answer 20

The testes are responsible for sperm production (spermatogenesis)

The epididymis functions to mature, store, and transport sperm

Sperm gain motility and the ability to fertilize an egg while passing through the epididymis.

Question 21

Sperm ejaculation pathway

Answer 21

SEVEn UP
S – Seminiferous tubules (site of sperm production in the testes)
E – Epididymis (sperm maturation and storage)
V – Vas deferens (sperm transport)
E – Ejaculatory duct (merges with the seminal vesicle, transporting sperm)
N – Nothing (just a placeholder in the mnemonic)
U – Urethra (sperm passes through here before ejaculation)
P – Penis (final exit point for sperm)

Question 22

Describe dev of a sperm

Answer 22

Question 23

Describe dev of a secondary oocyte

Answer 23

Question 24

When does meiosis 2 take place in oogenesis

Answer 24

completed only if fertilized

Question 25

Corona radiata vs zona pellucida

Answer 25

zona pellucida is the glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte, essential for sperm binding and preventing polyspermy, while the corona radiata is the outer layer of granulosa cells that provides nutrients and support to the oocyte

Question 26

A primary oocyte is housed within a

Answer 26

primary follicle

Question 27

During ovulation, The mature follicle (Graafian follicle) ruptures, releasing

Answer 27

the secondary oocyte (not a fully mature ovum yet)

Question 28

when does the secondary oocyte become an ovum?

Answer 28

The secondary oocyte becomes an ovum only if fertilization occurs.

Question 29

Ovum vs zygote

Answer 29

An ovum is a haploid female gamete awaiting fertilization, while a zygote is the diploid cell formed after fertilization, marking the beginning of embryonic development.

Question 30

Sertoli cells vs leydig cells

Answer 30

Sertoli cells 🏗: Support spermatogenesis inside the tubules. Leydig cells 🔥: Produce testosterone in the interstitial space.

Question 31

Cowper's gland/bulbourethral gland function, location

Answer 31

Function: Secrete pre-ejaculate fluid which lubricates the urethra and neutralizes any remaining acidic urine before ejaculation Location: Situated near the urethra, below the prostate gland.

Question 32

Prostate gland function

Answer 32

producing fluid for semen, supporting the urethra, and contracting during ejaculation

Question 33

Embryo vs zygote

Answer 33

A zygote is a single-cell fertilized egg that forms immediately after sperm and egg fusion, while an embryo is a multicellular developing organism that forms after the zygote undergoes cell division and differentiation.

Question 34

From which germ layer(s) do the tissues of the heart and blood vessels differentiate?

Answer 34

Mesoderm

Question 35

trophoblast

Answer 35

trophoblast is the outer layer of the blastocyst.

Question 36

What germ layer does the CNS and PNS form from?

Answer 36

CNS (Brain & Spinal Cord) → Neural Tube (Ectoderm) PNS (Peripheral Nerves, Sensory & Autonomic Ganglia, Schwann Cells) → Neural Crest Cells (Ectoderm)

Question 37

In human females, mitotic divisions of oogonia that lead to formation of presumptive egg cells (primary oocytes) occur between:

Answer 37

Fertilization and birth only

Question 38

Spermatid vs spermatozoa

Answer 38

Spermatids are immature, haploid cells resulting from meiosis, while spermatozoa are the mature, motile, functional sperm cells that result from spermatids undergoing spermiogenesis (a maturation process).

Question 39

Difference between endocrine and exocrine

Answer 39

Exocrine glands secrete their products through ducts; endocrine glands release their products into the bloodstream

Question 40

Women over 35 years of age have an increased risk of nondisjunction due to errors in what phase of meiosis?

Answer 40

Anaphase II