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Biology > Biology Chapter 11: Immune System > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 11: Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Humoral immunity

A

refers to the effects of antibodies and B-cells

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2
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

Involved with T-Cells
phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.

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3
Q

Antibodies are also called

A

Immunoglobulins

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4
Q

MHC class I expressed on what type of cells

A

MHC class I is a protein expressed on the plasma membrane of all nucleated cells (not RBC) that is unique to each individual cell

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5
Q

How would a T-cell respond to a cell expressing MHC class I a) healthy b) virally infected

A

A) healthy- the cell would display a protein fragment from inside and express it extracellularly- Tcell would not respond

B) Viral - T cells would recognize viral antigens on MHC class I and inject to kill it

Also T cells are likely to recognize new tumour cells

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6
Q

MHC class II expressed on what type of cells?

A

Immune cells such as macrophages, macrophages-like cells such as dendritic cells and B cells

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7
Q

Describe how MHC class II initiates an immune response

A

1) MHC II is found on immune cells such as macrophages. If the macrophage consumes a foreign pathogen, some protein fragments will be displayed on the MHC complex of the immune cell

2) helper T cells recognize the MHC II complex and start a large immune response

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8
Q

Epitope

A

Site on an ANTIGEN that is recognized by an antibody

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9
Q

Characteristics of all white blood cells

A
  • have an immune function
  • are nucleated
  • made in the bone marrow
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10
Q

Most abundant leukocyte

A

Neutrophil - make up 60% of all leukocytes

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11
Q

Neutrophil

A

the most abundant WBC (60% of all WBC).

Main role: phagocytose invading bacteria (first responders to infection)

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12
Q

Lymphocytes are

A

second most abundant WBC
(30% of WBC)

Includes B-cells, T-cells and Natural Killer Cells

Span BOTH innate and adaptive immune systems

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13
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Considered part of the innate immune system BUT can also help the adaptive immune system because they respond to cells that have been tagged by antibodies and destroy them

respond to cells infected by viruses and tumor cells

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14
Q

monocytes

A

make up 5% of WBC

role: travel to tissues and differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells

largest WBC by size

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15
Q

Macrophages

A

WBC

Differentiated from Monocyte

Role: phagocytes that dispose of cellular debris and non-cellular foreign material

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16
Q

Dendritic Cell

A

WBC

Differentiated from monocytes

found in cells with contact with external environment

bridge gap between adaptive and innate immune system

interact with external substances to present antigens to T cells

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17
Q

Eonsinophils

A

3% of WBC

target parasitic infections

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18
Q

Basophils

A

1% of WBC

Allergic response

release histamine and heparin (anticoagulant- reduces blood clotting) as part of inflammatory response

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19
Q

Mast Cells

A

simialr to basophils but tend to be located in mucous membranes and connective tissue

20
Q

Hematopoesis

A

Production of red and white blood cells

21
Q

Summarize importance of spleen for the immune system

A

-has white pulp, rich in lympocytes
-important sites of B cell activation

22
Q

Summarize importance of thymus for the immune system

A

Small organ in the chest Where T cells mature

23
Q

Lympathic System

A

system of vessels that helps transport fluids and immune cells throughout the body

24
Q

Lymph

A

colorless, lipid-rich fluid that flows through lympathic system

25
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Pockets of lympathic tissue that house high concentrations of T and B cells

Swell during infection

26
Q

Function of Lympathic System

A

1) Maintaining fluid balance
2) Collecting and returning interstitial fluid to circulation
3) Transporting cells and biomolecules within lymph
4) Producing lympocytes

27
Q

what enzyme does saliva contain to break down pathogens

A

lyzoyme - breaks down bacterial cell wall

28
Q

Phagocyte vs macrophages

A

Phagocyte = any cell that engages in phagocytosis

Ie neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and mast cells

So macrophages are a type of phagotype

29
Q

Complement System

A

signalling cascade of 30 proteins that tag pathogens for destruction (opsonization)

30
Q

Leukocytes induce

A

inflammation

31
Q

Cytokines

A

diverse class of signalling proteins that are involved in coordinating the immune response and inflammation

32
Q

Interferons

A

subset of cytokines that are known to have antiviral effects

33
Q

Adaptive immune system made up of

A

T cells and B cells (antigen specific)

33
Q

T Cell Positive Selection

A

T-cells with appropriate immune response are selected while t-cells that don’t respond to putative antigens are eliminated

34
Q

T-Cell Negative Selection

A

T-cells that show too strong of a response are eliminated

35
Q

What is the T-cell response to a cell presenting an abnormal fragment its MHC I receptor

A

CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (killer T-cells) kill cells with abnormal MHC class I (virus/tumor)

inject cells with substances that induce apoptosis

36
Q

Antigen-presenting cells

A

Dendritic cells
macrophages
B cells

37
Q

What happens when an antigen-presenting immune cell has a foreign antigen on its MHC II receptor?

A

CD4+ surface receptor on helper T cells recognize foreign pathogen

helper t cell secretes cytokines to recruit other immune cells to strengthen the response, including innate immune cells like neutrophils, macrophages

38
Q

how to remember which MHC goes with which CD

A

numbers multiple to get 8
ie MHC II * 4 = 8
MHC I * 8 = 8

39
Q

After immune response, CD8 and CD4 T cells

A

become memory t cells to more quickly respond to infections (ie vaccines)

40
Q

Role of B cell

A

learn to recognize antigens and to differentiate into plasma cells which secrete large amounts of antibodies in response

41
Q

After being produced in the bone marrow, where do B cells go?

A

To the lymph nodes and spleen

42
Q

What are b cells called before they’ve seen an antigen

A

naive b cells

43
Q

Once a b cell is presented with a matching antigen (such as by an antigen presenting cell like a dendritic cell) what happens

A

b cell proliferates (conal expansion)

44
Q

2 fates of activated b cells

A

1) become plasma cells (short lived cells that produce massive amounts of antibodies in an infection)

2) memory cells (persist for the entire life of the host) - remember the antigen they were activated by

Biology (12 decks)

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