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Biology 1 > Biology Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

Metabolism is the general term for the chemical processes of life.

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2
Q

Calories

A

Calories are the units used to measure the energy content of food; equal to the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius.

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3
Q

Adipose cells

A

Adipose cells are fat cells

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4
Q

Amino Acid

A

Amino acids are groups of about 20 types of simple molecules that combine to produce proteins.

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5
Q

ATP

A

ATP is a special phosphorus compound that serves as the energy carrier of the cell; short for adenosine triphosphate.

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6
Q

Absorption

A

Absorption is the movement of water, digested food, and other dissolved substances from the small intestine into the bloodstream.

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7
Q

appendicitis

A

Appendicitis is a condition caused by infection of the vermiform appendix.

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8
Q

Anus

A

The anus is the valve that closes the rectum and serves as the digestive tract’s second opening to the exterior.

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9
Q

alimentary canal

A

The alimentary canal is the tube leading from the mouth to the anus that forms the main portion of the digestive system.

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10
Q

bicuspids

A

any of the four light-grinding teeth next to the cuspids on each jaw; also called premolar.

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11
Q

Bile

A

greenish substance secreted from the liver that helps in the digestion of fats.

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12
Q

Bile salts

A

group of substances in bile that emulsify fats.

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13
Q

Botulism

A

severe food poisoning caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum

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14
Q

Bolus

A

a small ball into which the tongue forms the food

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15
Q

Carbohydrates

A

organic compound consisting of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in about 1:2:1 ratio

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16
Q

Complex carbohydrates

A

Complex carbohydrates are carbohydrates formed from a long chain of simple carbohydrates; also called polysaccharides.

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17
Q

Cholesterol

A

cholesterol is a lipid used by the body to make bile, vitamin D, and important hormones and is used in cell membranes.

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18
Q

Coenzymes

A

Coenzymes are molecules that assist a cell’s enzymes in performing their jobs.

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19
Q

Cellulose

A

complex carbohydrate that forms the cell wall of plants and is a form of insoluble fiber

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20
Q

Catalyst

A

substance that speeds up a chemical change but is not consumed in the process.

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21
Q

Cuspids/Canines

A

either of two tearing teeth flanking the incisors on each jaw; also called canine.

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22
Q

Crown

A

part of a tooth that is exposed above the gums

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23
Q

Cementum

A

bonelike substance that fastens the root of a tooth to the jaw.

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24
Q

Chyme

A

thick liquid formed in the stomach, consisting of digestive juices and partially digested food.

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25
Q

Common bile duct

A

duct through which bile enters the small intestine from the gallbladder.

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26
Q

Cecum

A

pouch in the large intestine at the junction with the small intestine; similar structure in horses and rabbits where fermentation of cellulose occurs.

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27
Q

Colon

A

long, tubular section of the large intestine that absorbs water from undigested food.

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28
Q

Constipation

A

condition that occurs when feces are so dry that defecation is difficult

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29
Q

Dietary fiber

A

group of complex carbohydrates that are not digested or incorporated into the body

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30
Q

Digestion

A

process that changes food substances with large, complex chemical molecules into substances with smaller, less complex molecules

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31
Q

Digestive enzymes

A

any of the enzymes involved in digestion

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32
Q

Digestive glands

A

secreting body that produces digestive enzymes and digestive juices.

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33
Q

Dentin

A

bonelike layer that surrounds the pulp of a tooth.

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34
Q

Dental caries

A

disease in which acid attacks the teeth, penetrating the enamel and dentin; also called tooth decay and cavities.

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35
Q

Dyspepsia

A

gastric indigestion.

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36
Q

Diarrhea

A

condition that occurs when insufficient water is removed from feces and frequent defecation.

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37
Q

Edema

A

condition in which the body tissues absorb extra fluids and cannot maintain proper water balance.

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37
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

fluid that surrounds the body’s cells.

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38
Q

Esophagus

A

foot-long muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach

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38
Q

Enzymes

A

a large protein molecule that is a catalyst to carry out chemical reactions.

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39
Q

Enamel

A

a mineral substance that covers the crown of a tooth

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40
Q

Emulsification

A

process of breaking large droplets into smaller droplets.

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41
Q

Fatty Acid

A

the simplest type of liquid molecule, made of carbon and oxygen atoms attached t a long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

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42
Q

Fat

A

molecule consisting of three fatty acid molecules attached to a single glycerol molecule; also called triglyceride.

43
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

any of the vitamins that are insoluble in water and can accumulate in the body if indigested in excess.

44
Q

Feces

A

undigested waste materials from the digestive process.

45
Q

Food poisoning

A

gastrointestinal disease caused by the consumption of food contaminated with bacteria or bacterial toxins.

46
Q

Gastric juice

A

digestive juice formed by the secretions of the stomach.

47
Q

Gallbladder

A

saclike organ that stores bile.

48
Q

Glucagon

A

pancreatic hormone that signals the liver to convert glycogen to glucose and release the glucose into the bloodstream.

49
Q

Gingivitis

A

periodontal disease in which the gums become tender and inflamed due to the accumulation of plaque and tartar.

50
Q

Hydrogenated oils

A

vegetable oil with hydrogen added to change it from liquid to solid or semisolid.

51
Q

Hydrochloric acid

A

component of gastric juice that softens foods, kills bacteria, reacts with certain minerals to make them soluble, and provides the acid medium required for the enzyme pepsin.

52
Q

antioxidants

A

an antibody that attacks toxin molecules to neutralize their effects.

53
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

fluid inside the body’s cells.

54
Q

Incisors

A

any of the four fronting cutting teeth on each jaw.

55
Q

impacted

A

describes a tooth (usually a wisdom tooth) that has erupted too close to the adjacent tooth and become stuck.

56
Q

Intestinal glands

A

digestive glands in the small intestine that produce intestinal juice.

57
Q

Insulin

A

pancreatic hormone that signals the liver and muscles to remove glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen.

58
Q

Lipid

A

any of a group of macronutrient compounds that are characterized by their insolubility in water.

59
Q

Liver

A

large abdominal organ that functions as the body’s chemical factory; produces bile; filters blood; and stores glycogen, vitamins, minerals, and reserve blood.

60
Q

Lacteal

A

tubelike lymph vessel that carries absorbed fats out of a villus.

61
Q

Large intestine

A

the tubelike organ that prepares undigested food for expulsion from the body.

62
Q

Macronutrients

A

any of the group of nutrients, consisting of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that are needed in relatively large amounts.

63
Q

Micronutrients

A

any of the group of nutrients, consisting of vitamins and minerals, that are needed in relatively small amounts.

64
Q

Minerals

A

inorganic nutrient

65
Q

Mucus

A

slimy substance that lubricates the mucous membrane of the oral cavity

66
Q

Molars

A

any of the six heavy grinding teeth (three to a side) at the back of each jaw.

67
Q

Mastication

A

chewing

68
Q

Microvilli

A

fine extensions of the cell membrane on epithelial cells of the small intestine.

69
Q

Neck

A

part of a tooth at the gum line.

70
Q

Obesity

A

being severely overweight due to excess body fat.

71
Q

Oils

A

fat that is liquid at room temperature

72
Q

Oral cavity

A

inside of the mouth

73
Q

Protein

A

any of a group of complex organic molecules used to build and maintain living cells; made of a long chain of amino acids.

74
Q

Palate

A

the structure that forms the roof of the mouth

75
Q

Papillae

A

taste-bud-containing projections on the tongue.

76
Q

Pulp

A

inner part of a tooth consisting mainly of blood vessels and nerves.

77
Q

Pharynx

A

throat

78
Q

plaque

A

sticky, colorless film of bacteria that forms on and between teeth.

79
Q

Periodontitis

A

periodontal disease in which the gums detach from the teeth and eventually the bones supporting the teeth are destroyed.

80
Q

Peristalsis

A

a rhythmic wave of muscular contractions that moves food through the digestive tract.

81
Q

Pancreas

A

organ that produces pancreatic juice and contains the islets of Langerhans

82
Q

Pancreatic Juice

A

digestive juice, produced by the pancreas, that contains digestive enzymes needed in the small intestine

83
Q

Peptic ulcers

A

ulcer caused by the digestive action of pepsin; includes both gastric and duodenal ulcers.

84
Q

Root

A

part of a tooth that anchors it below the gum

85
Q

Rectum

A

section of the large intestine that stores feces until they are expelled from the body.

86
Q

Sugar

A

any of a group of small carbohydrates

87
Q

Simple carbohydrates

A

either a monosaccharide or disaccharide

88
Q

Starch

A

a mixture of long, chainlike molecules that consist of thousands of glucose molecules linked together, manufactured by plants for glucose storage.

89
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

fatty acid in which every possible bond to hydrogen is occupied.

90
Q

Salivary glands.

A

any of the six saliva-secreting digestive glands of the mouth

91
Q

Saliva

A

sticky digestive juice produced by the salivary glands.

92
Q

Salivary Amylase

A

digestive enzyme produced by the salivary glands that begins the digestion of starch.

93
Q

Stomach

A

the muscular digestive organ that thoroughly mixes food with digestive juices.

94
Q

Sodium bicarbonate

A

chemical produced by the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid in chyme that enters the small intestine.

95
Q

Small intestine

A

long tubular organ that is the primary organ of digestion and absorption

96
Q

Salmonellosis

A

common food infection caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella.

97
Q

Trace elements

A

any of the mineral nutrients that are needed only in extremely small quantities.

98
Q

Tongue

A

muscular organ that pushes food between the teeth, mixes it with mucus and saliva, and prepares chewed food for swallowing.

99
Q

Tartar

A

hard deposit on teeth formed by plaque not removed by daily brushing and flossing; medically called calculus.

100
Q

Typhoid fever

A

serious illness acquired from food or water contaminated with the bacteria Salmonella typhi.

101
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

fatty acid in which the hydrogen-carbon chain can form one or more additional pairs of bonds to hydrogen.

102
Q

urea

A

a waste substance made from excess amino acids.

103
Q

Ulcer

A

open sore in the mucous membrane of the digestive tract.

104
Q

vitamins

A

any of a group of organic substances needed in small amounts for proper function of metabolism

105
Q

Villi

A

tiny, hairlike projection of the small intestine that absorbs digested food; plural villi.

106
Q

water-soluble vitamins

A

any of the vitamins that are soluble in water and can be easily eliminated from the body.

107
Q

Wisdom tooth

A

last molar on each side of the jaw.

Biology 1 (8 decks)

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