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Biology 1 > BIOLOGY 1 CHAPTER 8 > Flashcards

BIOLOGY 1 CHAPTER 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a neurobiologist?

A

A neurobiologist is a biologist who studies the nervous system.

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2
Q

What is a Neurologist?

A

A neurologist is a physician who specializes in disorders of the nervous system.

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3
Q

What is the Central Nervous System?

A

The central nervous system is the portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.

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4
Q

What is a brain?

A

The brain is the principal organ of the nervous system; the chief organ of the mind.

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5
Q

What is a spinal cord?

A

A spinal cord is a thick bundle of nerve fibers within the spinal cavity by which the brain communicates with most of the body.

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6
Q

What is a spinal nerve?

A

A spinal nerve is any of the thirty-one pairs of nerves that branch from the spinal cord.

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7
Q

What is a cranial nerve?

A

A cranial nerve is any of the twelve pairs of nerves that branch directly from the brain stem.

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8
Q

What is a meninges?

A

A Meninges is a triple layer of protective tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

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9
Q

What is Cerebro Spinal Fluid?

A

A cerebrospinal fluid is a clear fluid that circulates through the fibers of the arachnoid mater.

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10
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Glial cells are cells that help support and insulate nerve tissue.

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11
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A neuron is a nerve cell.

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12
Q

What is a cell body?

A

A cell body is a central portion of a neuron, which contains the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm.

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13
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

A dendrite is a short, branched extension of a nerve cell that receives nerve impulses from other neurons and conducts them toward the cell body.

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14
Q

What is an Axon?

A

An Axon is a long extension of a neuron that relays nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons.

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15
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Gray matter is a portion of the brain and spinal cord that consists largely of neuron cell bodies.

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16
Q

What is myelin?

A

Myelin is a white, specialized covering found on axons of nerve cells.

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17
Q

What is white matter?

A

White matter is a portion of the brain and spinal cord composed of axons and glial cells that are white because of their myelin content.

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18
Q

What is ganglion?

A

The ganglion is a mass of neuron cell bodies.

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19
Q

What is a plexus?

A

A plexus is a large mass of ganglia grouped together.

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20
Q

What is the nerve center?

A

The nerve center is the group of nerve cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord.

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21
Q

What is a sensory neuron?

A

A sensory neuron is a neuron that transmits information from the senses to the central nervous system.

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22
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Motor Neurons are neurons that relay signals from the central nervous system to the other parts of the body.

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23
Q

What is an interneuron?

A

An interneuron is a neuron that relays signals between neurons or groups of neurons and is involved in information processing.

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24
Q

What is a blood-brain barrier?

A

A blood-brain barrier is a system of tightly sealed capillary walls that prevents bacteria, viruses, and harmful molecules from entering the brain and spinal cord.

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25
Q

What is Meningitis

A

Meningitis is an inflammation and swelling inside the skull, usually caused by an infection.

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26
Q

What is a coma?

A

A coma is a prolonged unconscious state that may not be reversible.

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27
Q

What is poliomyelitis?

A

Poliomyelitis is a disease caused by a virus that attacks motor neurons of the spinal cord, paralyzing muscles connected to the brain by these neurons.

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28
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

The peripheral nervous system is the portion of the nervous system that consists of nerves.

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29
Q

What are nerves?

A

Nerves are bundles of nerve fibers (axons) branching from the brain and spinal cord.

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30
Q

What is a mixed nerve?

A

A mixed nerve is a nerve that includes both sensory and motor fibers.

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31
Q

What is a sensory nerve fiber?

A

A sensory nerve fiber is an axon that carries sensory impulses to the spinal cord and brain.

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32
Q

What is a motor nerve fiber?

A

A motor nerve fiber is an axon that carries impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs.

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33
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

An autonomic nervous system is the portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the heart and other internal organs.

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34
Q

What is the Sympathetic Divison

A

The sympathetic division is the portion of the autonomic nervous system that responds to increased activity and emergency situations.

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35
Q

What is the parasympathetic division?

A

The parasympathetic division is the portion of the autonomic nervous system that counteracts the sympathetic division.

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36
Q

What is the median nerve?

A

The median nerve is the nerve that controls the muscles of the forearm and the muscles and skin of the hand and is representative of how all peripheral nerves are designed.

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37
Q

What is a Schwann cell?

A

A Schwann cell is a type of glial cell that produces layers of myelin sheathing on nerves in the peripheral nervous system.

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38
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

Multiple sclerosis is a type of glial cell that produces layers of myelin sheathing on nerves in the peripheral nervous system.

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39
Q

What is paralysis?

A

Paralysis is the inability of muscles to move.

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40
Q

What is an action potential?

A

The action potential is the brief pulse of positive charge that travels down the axon of a neuron that has been triggered to fire.

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41
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A synapse is an enclosed junction between two neurons or a neuron and another cell.

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42
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A neurotransmitter is a chemical released into a synapse by a neuron to cause an action in the receiving cell.

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43
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

Parkinson’s disease is a disease characterized by tremors and stiffness of the limbs that appears to result from a lack of dopamine.

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44
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A reflex is a quick, automatic response.

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45
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A reflex arc is a nerve pathway controlling a reflex, which allows nerve impulses to bypass the brain for a speedy response.

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46
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

The cerebrum is the portion of the brain responsible for consciousness, memory, voluntary actions, thinking, and intelligence.

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47
Q

What is the hemisphere?

A

The hemisphere is the right or left half of the cerebrum or cerebellum.

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48
Q

What is a corpus callosum?

A

The corpus callosum is a mass of nerve fibers through which the cerebral hemispheres communicate.

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49
Q

What is a cerebral cortex?

A

A cerebral cortex is an outer layer of the cerebrum, which contains much of the brain’s gray matter.

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50
Q

What is a lobe?

A

A lobe is any main region in which the hemispheres of the cerebrum are divided.

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51
Q

What is a frontal lobe?

A

The frontal lobe is the lobe of the cerebrum corresponding to the frontal bone; associated with personality, judgment, and self-control; and includes the motor area.

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52
Q

What is the motor area?

A

The motor area is the area in the rear portion of the frontal lobes.

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53
Q

What is the parietal lobe?

A

The parietal lobe is the lobe of the cerebrum corresponding to the parietal bones; analyzes senses to feel temperature, pressure, pain, shape, and texture.

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54
Q

What is the occipital lobe?

A

The occipital lobe is the lobe of the cerebrum corresponding to the occipital bone; associated with vision.

55
Q

What is a temporal lobe?

A

The temporal lobe is the lobe of the cerebrum corresponding to the temporal bones; associated with senses of hearing, taste, and smell.

56
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A

Cerebral palsy is damage to the cerebral motor area, resulting in reduced motor abilities without affecting intelligence.

57
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

Behaviorism is the philosophy that the behavior of a person is determined by his environment, not his mind.

58
Q

What is the brain stem?

A

The brain stem is the portion fo the brain that connects the rest of the brain to the spinal cord; and includes three regions responsible for most automatic body functions.

59
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

The cerebellum is the portion of the brain that coordinates skeletal muscle activity.

60
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamus is the portion of the limbic system that controls the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system and is responsible for the physical effect of emotions.

61
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

The limbic system is the collective term for the brain structures, clustered around the brain stem, that coordinate the activity of the parts of the brain and seem to be involved in emotions.

62
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A

The medulla oblongata is the lowest part of the brain stem; monitors and regulates various vital body functions.

63
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

The midbrain is the region of the brain stem above the pons; helps coordinate eye movements, adjust pupil size, and operate the lens muscles.

64
Q

What is a pon?

A

A pon is the portion of the brain stem that links the cerebrum and cerebellum; assists the medulla oblongata in regulating breathing and helps coordinate some eye movements and facial expressions.

65
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

The reticular formation is the intricate network of neurons within the brain stem that serves as the “master switch” of the cerebrum.

66
Q

REM sleep.

A

REM sleep is the period of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly as if they were watching the events of a dream.

67
Q

Sensorineural deafness

A

Sensorineural deafness is the partial or complete hearing loss caused by repeated or prolonged exposure to excessively loud sounds.

68
Q

Thalamus

A

The thalamus is the structure in the limbic system that acts as a switchboard, routing signals to the appropriate area of the cerebral cortex.

69
Q

Amnesia

A

Amnesia is a disease that causes memory loss.

70
Q

Acute confusion

A

Acute confusion is the disturbance of the brain caused by physical illness elsewhere in the body.

71
Q

Arteriosclerotic Damentia

A

Arteriosclerotic dementia is dementia caused by the death of brain cells due to blockage in the arteries.

72
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Alzheimer’s disease is a disease similar to dementia but more severe and sometimes occurring much earlier in life.

73
Q

Concussion

A

Concussion is the period of paralysis of the central nervous system accompanied by a short period of unconsciousness.

74
Q

Epilepsy

A

Epilepsy is a disorder in which neurons malfunction and begin to fire together over and over, disrupting ordinary cerebral processing and causing unconsciousness.

75
Q

Neuritis

A

Neuritis is the degeneration and inflammation of nerves.

76
Q

Sciatica

A

Sciatica is a condition, characterized by pain in the lower back and the back of the thigh, caused by a pinching of the sciatic nerve.

77
Q

Stroke

A

Stroke is the death of brain tissue caused by internal blockage or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain.

78
Q

Senile dementia

A

Senile dementia is a disorder that results from the slow process of natural nerve cell loss.

79
Q

Sensory receptors

A

The sensory receptor is a specialized neuron that obtains sensory information and relays it to the brain and spinal cord.

80
Q

Sense organ

A

A sense organ is an intricately designed organ for a special sense.

81
Q

Somatic senses

A

somatic senses are any of the senses that detect touch, temperature, pain, etc.

82
Q

Tetanus

A

Tetanus is a disease caused by the soil bacterium Clostridium tetani, whose toxins damage motor nerves, resulting in death if untreated; also called lockjaw.

83
Q

Chemical senses

A

Chemical senses are any of the senses that result from chemical stimuli.

84
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

chemoreceptors are receptors for a chemical sense.

85
Q

Eardrum

A

The eardrum is the membrane stretched across the ear canal that vibrates in response to sound waves.

86
Q

Incus

A

The incus is the second bone of the middle ear; also called anvil.

87
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

The mechanoreceptors are any group of sensory receptors responsible for sensations of touch and pressure and for muscle sense.

88
Q

Malleus

A

The Malleus is the first bone of the middle ear; also called the hammer.

89
Q

olfactory nerve

A

The olfactory nerve is the nerve connecting the nose’s sensory receptors to the brain.

90
Q

Outer ear

A

The outer ear is the portion of the ear consisting of the visible sound-collecting structure and the ear canal.

91
Q

Pain receptors

A

The pain receptor is any of a group of sensory receptors that consist of a bare dendrite activated by extreme heat or cold, excessive mechanical stress, damage to body cells, etc.

92
Q

Special senses

A

Special senses are any of the senses that are provided by neurons in sense organs.

93
Q

Stapes

A

A stape is the second bone of the middle ear; also called a stirrup.

94
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

A thermoreceptor is a sensory receptor that responds to temperature changes.

95
Q

Tastebuds

A

A Tastebud is an organ of taste, consisting of chemoreceptors for different types of taste.

96
Q

Auditory nerve

A

An auditory nerve is a nerve connecting the hairlike nerve cells of the cochlea to the brain.

97
Q

Cochlea

A

A cochlea is a coiled tube in the inner ear that detects vibrations and sends them to the brain.

98
Q

Aqueous humor

A

An aqueous humor is a clear fluid in the eye that fills the space between the cornea and the iris and lens.

99
Q

Accommodation

A

An accommodation is an increase in the curvature of the eye’s lens to focus on nearby objects.

100
Q

Astigmatism

A

Astigmatism is a focusing problem in which the light rays entering the eye are bent incorrectly; usually caused by an incorrectly curved cornea.

101
Q

Bone conduction

A

Bone conduction is a transmission of vibrations from the jawbone to the inner ear.

102
Q

Blind spot

A

A blind spot is a spot on the retina where the optic nerve exits the eye and there are no light-sensitive cells.

103
Q

Cornea

A

The cornea is the transparent structure that replaces the sclera at the front of the eye.

104
Q

Choroid

A

The choroid is the layer of tissue within the uvea that provides most of the eye’s nourishment.

105
Q

Ciliary body

A

The ciliary body is the muscular structure near the front of the uvea that adjusts the lens of the eye to focus at varying distances.

106
Q

Cone

A

The cone is the type of cell in the retina that detects colors.

107
Q

Colorblind

A

Colorblind is when your unable to distinguish one or more of the primary colors of light.

108
Q

Eustachian tube

A

The eustachian tube is the tube connecting the throat to the middle ear.

109
Q

Eye

A

The eye is the node consisting of buds and small leaves, found on a tuber.

110
Q

Eyelid

A

The eyelid is the protective skin structure that blinks to keep foreign objects from entering the eye and cleans and moistens the eyeball.

111
Q

Extrinsic muscles

A

Extrinsic muscles are a set of six muscles that move the eye.

112
Q

Fovea

A

A fovea is a small depression on the retina where the light-sensitive cells are most densely packed.

113
Q

Farsightedness

A

Farsightedness is the ability to see distant objects better than near objects due to the eye being too short or the lens being too flat; also called hyperopia.

114
Q

Glaucoma

A

Glaucoma is a condition in which the pressure of the fluid inside the eye becomes much higher than normal, causing permanent damage to the retina.

115
Q

inner ear

A

The inner ear is the portion of the ear that is the actual organ of hearing.

116
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

The lacrimal gland is the tear gland.

117
Q

Lysozyme

A

The lysozyme is the enzyme, found in tears, that kills bacteria by destroying their cell walls.

118
Q

Lens

A

The lens is the portion of the eye that focuses the rays of light.

119
Q

Middle ear

A

The middle ear is the chamber containing the malleus, incus, and stapes.

120
Q

Nearsightedness

A

Nearsightedness is the ability to see only near objects clearly due to the lens being too thick or the eye being too long; also called myopia.

121
Q

Night blindness

A

Night blindness is the condition in which the eyes do not adjust to darkness.

122
Q

Optic nerve

A

an optic nerve that connects the eye to the brain.

123
Q

Pupil

A

The pupil is the opening through which light enters the eye.

124
Q

Persistence of vision

A

The persistence of vision is the phenomenon in which an object’s image on the retina persists for about 1/10 second after the object is gone.

125
Q

Presbyopia

A

Presbyopia is the inability to focus on near objects as the lens becomes less elastic with age.

126
Q

Retina

A

The retina is the light-sensitive innermost layer of the eye.

127
Q

Rod

A

The rod is the type of cell in the retina that detects light of all colors.

128
Q

Rhodopsin

A

The rhodopsin is the light-absorbing substance in rod cells.

129
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

Semicircular canals are an assembly of fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear that serve as balance sensors.

130
Q

Sclera

A

The sclera is the tough outer layer of the eye; the white of the eye.

131
Q

Socket

A

The socket portion of the skull protects the eye by surrounding it with heavy bone; also called the orbit.

132
Q

Tear

A

The tear is the fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands to clean and moisten the eye.

133
Q

Uvea

A

The uvea is the middle layer of the eye.

134
Q

Vitreous humor

A

The vitreous humor is the transparent jelly-like fluid that fills the space between the lens and the rear of the eye.

Biology 1 (8 decks)

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