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Biology 1 > Biology Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are buds?

A

Buds are the part of the stem that allows it to grow in length or develop new stems, flowers, or leaves.

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2
Q

What is the Transpiration Pull?

A

The transpiration pull is the force that draws up a stem as leaf cells pull water into themselves.

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3
Q

What is a sap stream?

A

The sap stream is the upward flow of water and minerals through the xylem.

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4
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is a one-way diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane.

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5
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the process of mixing molecules of one substance through another by random molecular motion.

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6
Q

What is a lateral root?

A

A lateral root is a root that originates from the taproot; also called a secondary root.

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7
Q

What is a root cap?

A

A root cap is a cone-shaped structure that covers and protects the tip of a plant root.

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8
Q

What is a Maturation Region?

A

A Maturation Region is a region of a root where cells organize into the vascular cylinder.

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9
Q

What is the region of elongation?

A

`The region of elongation is the region in a root where cells increase in length.

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10
Q

What is the meristematic region?

A

The meristematic region is the region near the tip of a roast where cell division takes place.

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11
Q

What are fleshy roots?

A

Fleshy roots are taproots that enlarge to store large quantities of food.

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12
Q

What are primary roots?

A

Primary roots are roots that grow directly from the plant’s embryo; the taproot.

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13
Q

What is the central vascular cylinder?

A

The central vascular cylinder is the innermost portion of a root, containing the xylem and phloem; also called the stele.

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14
Q

What is a root cortex?

A

The root cortex is the region of a plant root where food is stored.

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15
Q

What are root hairs?

A

Root hairs are the finger-like projection of epidermal cells that increase the water-absorbing surface area of a plant root.

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16
Q

What are fibrous roots?

A

Fibrous roots are a type of root system in which the primary root remains small and many slender roots grow from it in all directions.

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17
Q

What are taproots?

A

A taproot is the root system in which the primary root grows straight down and remains larger than the secondary roots that branch off from it, penetrating the soil with relatively little branching.

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18
Q

What is a terminal bud?

A

A terminal bud is a bud that allows a stem to grow in length; also called a special bud.

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19
Q

What is a lateral bud?

A

A lateral bud is a bud that allows the growth of a new stem from the side of the main stem; also called an axillary bud.

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20
Q

What are bud scales?

A

A bud scale is any of the scales that cover a bud in winter to protect it from frost injury and drying out.

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21
Q

What are bud scale scars?

A

Bud scale scars are rings that circle a stem indicating where last year’s growth started

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22
Q

What are nodes?

A

Nodes are points at which leaves grow from the stem.

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23
Q

What are internodes?

A

Internodes are the part of the stem between the nodes.

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24
Q

What are leaf scars?

A

Leaf scars are the scars left on a stem where a leaf was previously attached.

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25
Q

What are bundle scars?

A

Bundle scars are markings on a leaf scar that indicate a passage point of vascular tissue from the stem to the leaf petiole.

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26
Q

What are lenticels?

A

Lenticels are openings in the bark of a stem that allows air to enter the stem.

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27
Q

What is primary growth?

A

Primary growth is the growth of a stem in growth.

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28
Q

What is spirelike branching?

A

Spire-like branching is a type of branching in which a tree grows tall and straight with branches coming from a large central stem.

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29
Q

What is spreading branching?

A

Spreading branching is a type of branching in which a tree develops several main branches, usually close to the ground.

30
Q

What is bark?

A

The bark is the outer section of a woody stem, which provides protection and helps transport food.

31
Q

What is cork?

A

Cork is a plant structural tissue that forms the bark of woody plants.

32
Q

What is a lenticel?

A

A lenticel is an opening in the bark of a stem that allows air to enter the stem.

33
Q

What are sieve tubes?

A

Sieve tubes are phloem cells connected end to end at the sieve plates to conduct food through a woody plant.

34
Q

What is Wood?

A

Wood is the strong, resilient inner section of a woody stem.

35
Q

What are tracheids?

A

Tracheids are long, narrow, rod-shaped cells that help conduct water in the xylem of a woody stem.

36
Q

What are vessels?

A

Vessels are large water-conducting tubes in the xylem of a woody stem.

37
Q

What are vascular rays?

A

Vascular rays are structures found within most mature trees that help transport materials between the center and edges of the tree.

38
Q

What is a pith?

A

The pith is a water-storage region at the center of a young woody stem.

39
Q

What is heartwood?

A

Heartwood is an inner portion of a woody stem, made of older xylem tubes that have become clogged and been sealed off.

40
Q

What is sapwood?

A

Sapwood is a younger, functioning xylem tissue found in the outer portion of a woody stem.

41
Q

What is secondary growth?

A

Secondary growth is the growth of a stem in width.

42
Q

What are annual growth rings?

A

Annual growth rings are distinct layers in the xylem of a woody stem formed by annual variations in the rate of secondary growth.

43
Q

What is a cortex?

A

Cortex is a food storage tissue in a herbaceous stem in which the vascular bundles are embedded, similar to tissue in a root or young woody stem.

44
Q

What is a rind?

A

The rind is the outer covering of a monocot stem.

45
Q

What are thorns?

A

Thorns are long, sharp special stem that provides protection to a plant.

46
Q

What are eyes?

A

Eyes are the nodes consisting of buds and small leaves, found on a tuber.

47
Q

What is a tuber?

A

A tuber is a bud-containing special stem that grows underground to store food.

48
Q

What are tendrils?

A

Tendrils are special leaves or stems that have the unique function of holding a plant upright by coiling around some support structure.

49
Q

What are bulbs?

A

Bulbs are structures that are made of a special stem and leaves that store food underground.

50
Q

What is tissue culturing?

A

Tissue culturing is a method of vegetative propagation in which seedlings are produced from individual plant cells grown in the laboratory.

51
Q

What is vegetative reproduction?

A

Vegetative reproduction is the vegetative reproduction formation of a new plant from a stem, leaf, or root.

52
Q

What is ethylene?

A

Ethylene hydrocarbon functions as a plant hormone to sign leaf abscission and to trigger green fruits to ripen.

53
Q

What is abscisic acid?

A

Abscisic acid is the hormone that signals plant tissues to remain dormant; also called ABA.

54
Q

What are gibberellins?

A

Gibberellins are groups of plant growth hormones that help regulate normal plant growth and trigger the germination of dormant seeds.

55
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Cytokinins are groups of plant growth hormones that promote cell division and stimulate lateral buds to grow into new shoots.

56
Q

What are auxins?

A

Auxins are groups of plant growth hormones that are involved in many tropisms, they cause the apical stem to remain dominant, and stimulate root growth and fruit formation.

57
Q

What is tropism?

A

Tropism is the response in which an organism moves either toward or away from a stimulus.

58
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Phototropism is the growth response of a plant to move toward light.

59
Q

What is geotropism?

A

Geotropism is the growth of a plant in response to gravity.

60
Q

What is budding?

A

Budding is a form of grafting in which the scion is a bud.

61
Q

What is a stock?

A

A stock is a tree that receives a new stem by grafting.

62
Q

What is a scion?

A

A scion is a branch that will be grafted onto a stem growing on another tree.

63
Q

What is grafting?

A

Grafting is a process of transplanting living tissue from one plant to another.

64
Q

What is layering?

A

Layering is a method of vegetative propagation that involves causing an existing plant to generate adventitious roots at a node.

65
Q

What are adventitious roots?

A

Adventitious roots are roots that grow from an unexpected region of a plant.

66
Q

What is a cutting?

A

A cutting is a piece of a stem or root that can grow into a new plant; also called a slip.

67
Q

What is vegetative propagation?

A

Vegetative propagation is the process of deliberately using vegetative reproduction to start a new plant.

68
Q

What is reproduction?

A

Reproduction is the production of plant offspring, which happens either sexually or asexually.

69
Q

What is an asexual?

A

An asexual is reproduction without the union of sex cells, requiring only mitotic cell divisions.

70
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

Rhizomes are thick stems that grow horizontally underground to provide food storage and cause vegetative reproduction such as the underground stem of a fun.

71
Q

What are stolons?

A

Stolons are creeping special stems that grow above the grounds and produce new plants whenever a node touches the soil; common in grass plants; also called a runner.

Biology 1 (8 decks)

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