Biology-Chapter 5(Enzymes, energy, etc)

Question 1

Energy

Answer 1

Capacity to perform work. Moving matter in a direction it couldn’t alone.

Question 2

Kinetic Energy

Answer 2

Energy actually doing the work.

Question 3

Heat

Answer 3

energy of the movement of molecules in a body of matter. Kind of Kinetic Energy.

Question 4

Potential Energy

Answer 4

Stored Energy

Question 5

Chemical energy

Answer 5

potential energy of molecules in the bonds

Question 6

Thermodynamics

Answer 6

Study of transformations in a collection of matter.

Question 7

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 7

Energy can be transferred and transformed but never created or destroyed. “Quantity”

Question 8

Second Law of thermodynamics

Answer 8

energy changes increase entropy/disorder. Lost usable energy->heat created but not valuable. “Quality”

Question 9

Endergonic Reaction

Answer 9

Requires a net input of energy(absorbs energy from surrounding). Starts with less energy and ends with more energy. Produced by dehydration synthesis. Ex. Photosynthesis.

Question 10

Exergonic Reaction

Answer 10

Releases energy, starts w/ more energy than ends with. Broken by hydrolysis.

Question 11

Cellular Respiration

Answer 11

Energy-releasing chemical breakdown of glucose molecules and the storage of energy in a form that the cell can use to perform work.

Question 12

Cellular Metabolism

Answer 12

Sum of endergonic and exergonic reactions(all energy).

Question 13

Energy Coupling

Answer 13

Energy released from exergonic reactions to drive essential endergonic reactions. Crucial ability of all cells, atp used.

Question 14

3 Parts of ATP and bonds

Answer 14

Adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose, chain of three phosphate groups. Bonds between Phosphate groups are unstable covalent, can be broken by hydrolysis.

Question 15

What happens when the tap bond breaks? What type of reaction?

Answer 15

Phosphate removed, ATP becomes ADP, Energy released. Exergonic Reaction.

Question 16

Phosphorylation

Answer 16

Transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule. energizing other molecules.

Question 17

Energy of Activation

Answer 17

Amount of energy that reactants must absorb to start a chemical reaction.

Question 18

Enzyme, what does it lower?

Answer 18

protein molecule that increases the rate of reaction w/o itself being changed. Speeds it up by lowing the Energy of Activation barrier. Biological Catalyst

Question 19

Substrate

Answer 19

The substance the enzyme acts on.

Question 20

Active Site

Answer 20

Small part of enzyme molecule attached to the substrate. Where reaction takes place

Question 21

ATP is used for what 3 types of cellular work?

Answer 21

Chemical: making of molecules(protein synthesis)
Mechanical: geared towards movement (Muscle Contracting)
Transport: Movement of substances across a membrane (against concentration gradient)

Question 22

Cofactors

Answer 22

non-protein helpers that help enzymes work

Question 23

Coenzymes

Answer 23

if the cofactor is an organic molecule

Question 24

Competitive inhibitor

Answer 24

resembles enzyme’s normal substrate and competes with the substrate for the active site.

Question 25

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

Answer 25

Binds to enzyme outside of active site and changes shape of enzyme so the substrate can’t fit in active site. Can be reversible or irreversible.

Question 26

Negative Feedback

Answer 26

When a metabolic reaction is blocked by its products. End product builds up and shuts down process.

Question 27

Selective permeability

Answer 27

allows some substances to get through easier than others. Allows non-polar, small things, hydrophobic.

Question 28

What does the phospholipid bilayer let through?

Answer 28

Nonpolar, Hydrophobic, small molecules.

Question 29

Why is the membrane commonly described as a fluid mosaic?

Answer 29

Mosaic: all different parts of bilayer
Fluid: flexible moving

Question 30

Glycoprotein

Answer 30

Carbohydrate attached to a protein on the phospholipid bilayer

Question 31

Glycolipid

Answer 31

Carbohydrate attached to phospholipid bilayer

Question 32

Diffusion

Answer 32

Tendency for particles of any kind to spread out spontaneously to regions where they are less concentrated.

Question 33

Passive Transport

Answer 33

Diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane until equilibrium is reached.

Question 34

Concentration Gradient

Answer 34

Molecule diffused down this until equilibrium is reached. High concentration to low.

Question 35

Osmosis

Answer 35

Diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 36

Hypertonic

Answer 36

Solution with higher concentration of solutes/ low of water.

Question 37

Hypotonic

Answer 37

Solution with lower concentration of solutes/higher of water.

Question 38

Water moves from??

Answer 38

Hypo to Hyper, low to high substrate conc, high to low water concentration

Question 39

Isotonic

Answer 39

Solutions of equal solute concentration

Question 40

what do animals prefer? what do plants prefer?

Answer 40

P: Hypotonic
A: Isotonic

Question 41

Osmoregulation

Answer 41

Control of water balance ex. kidney

Question 42

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 42

When one protein makes it possible for a substance to move down its concentration gradient.

Question 43

Active Transport

Answer 43

Requires a cell to expend energy to move molecules across a membrane. Uses transport protein.

Question 44

Exocytosis

Answer 44

Exports bulky materials using vessicles.

Question 45

Endocytosis

Answer 45

A cell that takes in macromolecules or other particles by forming vessicles.

Question 46

Phagocytosis

Answer 46

Cellular eating

Question 47

Pinocytosis

Answer 47

Cellular drinking

Question 48

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 48

Opens pit with receptor proteins that pick up molecules from surroundings, the pit will pinch closed to form a vessicle and carry to cytoplasm

Question 49

Hypercholesterolemia

Answer 49

Characterized by excessively high level of cholesterol in the blood