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🤯🔫 > Biology 3.3 > Flashcards

Biology 3.3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis called

A

Stage 1-light dependant stage
Stage 2-carbon fixation

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2
Q

Chloroplast are:

A

Where both stages of photosynthesis occur

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3
Q

What energy from what is absorbed by what

A

Light energy from the sun is absorbed by chlorophyll in chloroplast

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4
Q

After light is absorbed the energy is changed to what

A

Light energy to chemical energy

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5
Q

Water if split to…

A

Release oxygen, diffuses out as a byproduct and release hydrogen

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6
Q

What is the carbon fixation stage

A

A series of enzyme-controlled reactions which use hydrogen and ATP, produces glucose

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7
Q

Glucose is used as…

A

•Starch for storage
•used to synthesise cellulose for building cell walls

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8
Q

What is the word equation of photosynthesis

A

Light energy
Carbon+water ->glucose+oxygen
Dioxide Chlorophyll

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9
Q

What are the limiting factors

A

•light intensity
•carbon dioxide concentration
•temperature

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10
Q

What does “limiting factor” mean

A

These are factors which if in short supply restrict the rate of photosynthesis and plant growth

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11
Q

What is a food chain

A

A food chain is a relationship where one organism feeds on the previous one in a series and in turn provides for the next one

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12
Q

Food chains always start with a…

A

Producer, then the consumers

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13
Q

What is a food web made of…

A

A food web is made up of 2 or more inter-connecting food chains.

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14
Q

What energy Is passed on

A

Growth

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15
Q

What energy is lost

A

Heat
Movement
Undigested materials

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16
Q

Increasing human population requires an _____ ______

A

Food yield

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17
Q

An increase of food yield can be achieved by the use of _____ and ____

A

Fertilisers and pesticides

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18
Q

Fertilisers can provide chemicals such as ______ which can increase crop yield

A

Nitrates

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19
Q

_____ and _____ which reduce crop yield can be killed by _______

A

Plants animals pesticides

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20
Q

_____ dissolved in soil, water are absorbed into plants

A

Nitrates

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21
Q

Nitrates are used to produce ______ _____ which are synthesised into ____ ______

A

Amino acids plant proteins

22
Q

Animals consume plants or other animals to obtain ____ ______ for protein _________

A

Amino acids synthesis

23
Q

Fertilisers can be added to soil to increase the _____ _____ of the soil

A

Nitrate content

24
Q

Fertilisers can leach into fresh water adding ______ ______ ______

A

Extra unwanted nitrates

25
Q

When extra nitrates are added to fresh water this will increase algal populations which can cause ______ _____

A

Algal blooms

26
Q

Algal blooms reduce ____ _____, killing _____ ____

A

Light levels aquatic plants

27
Q

When the aquatic plants die aswell as the algae that dies it becomes food for ______ which greatly ______ in number

A

Bacteria increase

28
Q

The bacteria use up large quantities of _______ reducing the ______ availability for other organisms

A

Oxygen oxygen

29
Q

________ ________crops can be used to reduce the use of fertilisers

A

Genetically modified

30
Q

_______ sprayed onto crops can accumulate in the bodies of ______ over time

A

Pesticides organisms

31
Q

The build up of toxic substances in living organisms is known as

A

Bioaccumulation

32
Q

As pesticides are passed along a food chain _____ ____ to lethal levels

A

Toxicity increases

33
Q

The use of a _______ _______ and genetically modified crops as an alternative to pesticides

A

Biological control

34
Q

A biological control is when a ______ ______ or _______ is used to control the population of pests

A

Natural predators species

35
Q

What is a mutation

A

A random change to genetic material

36
Q

What are the three types of mutations

A

Neutral advantageous or disadvantageous (to survival)

37
Q

Mutations are _____ and are the only new source of new _____

A

Spontaneous Alleles

38
Q

What are factors that increase the rate of mutation

A

Radiation and some chemicals

39
Q

New alleles may allow plants and animals to become _____ _____ to their environment

A

Better adapted

40
Q

What is an adaptation

A

An inherited characteristic that makes an organism well suited to survival in its environment/niche

41
Q

What does variation do to a population

A

It makes it possible to evolve over time in response to changing environmental conditions

42
Q

What is a species

A

A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce a fertile offspring

43
Q

What is natural selection

A

It occurs when there are selection pressures(biotic factors eg disease predation competition )

44
Q

How are alleles pass through generations of a species

A

When the best adapted individuals in a population survive to reproduce that pass on the favourable alleles that confer the selective advantage

45
Q

Advantageous alleles are found in what frequency

A

They found in an increased frequency within a population

46
Q

What is speciation

A

It is when 2 or more new species are formed

47
Q

When does speciation occurs

A

It occurs after part of a population becomes isolated by an isolation by an isolation barrier

48
Q

What are the 3 types of isolation barriers

A

Geographical ecological or behavioural

49
Q

What mutations happen in sub populations

A

Different mutations occur among different sub populations

50
Q

How does natural selection select mutations

A

Due to different selection pressures the most advantageous mutation is chosen to fit with the environment

51
Q

Each ________ evolves until the become so _______ _______ that they’re two ______ ______

A

Sub-population genetically different different species

52
Q

What do plants use nitrates for

A

To make proteins

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